阅读第 3 套
Passage 1
译文:
作为消除薪酬不平等的标准,“可比价值”(Comparable worth)坚持认为,不同工作中的特定任务之间是可以被比较的。在过去十年中,这种方法已经成为一个重要的社会政策问题,因为大量的私营企业和行业以及联邦、州和地方政府机构已经采取了或开始考虑这样做。
这种可比价值普遍存在的事实表明,公众日益认识到,劳动力市场存在薪酬不平等现象,即,因没有反映出一份工作的真正价值而造成的薪酬不“公平”。然而,有个问题依然存在:在可比价值原则下,薪酬平等方面已经取得的收益是具有先例性质的?还是主要是暂时性的,是雇主做出让步的结果,目的是误导女性员工相信,她们已经取得了长期的薪酬平等收益?
可比价值的薪酬调整的确是一个先例。由于背后的驱动原则,其他可以用来减少或消除男女工人之间不合理的工资差距的规定并没有令人满意地纠正男女担任不同工作的案例中的诉讼人所认为的工资不平等。但是,只要将可比价值原则应用于薪酬表,就可以消除被认为是不合理的薪酬差异。因此,在这个意义上,可比价值比其他规定更全面,(其他规定)如1963年的《同工同酬法》和1964年的《民权法》第七条。这两者都不会对不同工作(即不同职业类别的工作)中的任务进行比较,以确定执行这些任务所需的技能、解决问题的能力和责任感是否可以根据其对雇主的美元价值进行量化。另一方面,可比价值的前提是,不同工作中的某些任务可能需要相似的培训、努力和技能;可以承担类似的责任;可在对工人有类似影响的环境中进行;而且可能对雇主有相似的金钱价值。
1. Which of the following most accurately states the central purpose of the passage?
(A) To criticize the implementation of a new procedure
(B) To assess the significance of a change in policy
(C) To illustrate how a new standard alters procedures
(D) To explain how a new policy is applied in specific cases
(E) To summarize the changes made to date as a result of social policy
解析
1.文章的主旨是:
A. 批评一个新程序的实施:原文没有出现批评的态度。
B. 正确。评估一个政策的改变的重要性:文章提到在过去十年,可比价值越来越重要,说明在比较工资的策略上发生了变化,而文章主要就是在说明这个变化带来的意义——使不同工作之间也可以比较了。
C. 说明新标准是如何改变程序的:文章没有提到过 “程序”。
D. 解释新政策在特定情况下是如何应用的:文章没有提“特定情况”。
E. 总结社会政策到目前为止导致的变化:文章没有总结的含义。
2. According to the passage, which of the following is true of comparable worth as a policy?
(A) Comparable worth policy decisions in pay-inequity cases have often failed to satisfy the complainants.
(B) Comparable worth policies have been applied to both public-sector and private-sector employee pay schedules.
(C) Comparable worth as a policy has come to be widely criticized in the past decade.
(D) Many employers have considered comparable worth as a policy but very few have actually adopted it.
(E) Early implementations of comparable worth policies resulted in only transitory gains in pay equity.
解析
2.根据文章,关于可比价值,以下哪项是正确的:
A. 在收入不公的案例中,可比价值经常使得抱怨者不满:原文明确说到可比价值就是为了解决不平等而出现的。定位“Comparable worth, as a standard applied to eliminate inequities in pay, insists that the values of certain tasks performed in dissimilar jobs can be compared. ”。
B. 正确。可比价值可以应用在公共区域和私人区域的雇员的支付计划中:定位在“In the last decade, this approach has become a critical social policy issue, as large numbers of private-sector firms and industries as well as federal, state, and local governmental entities have adopted comparable worth policies or begun to consider doing so.”也就是说,公用的和私人的都可以应用“可比价值”策略。
C. 在过去的十年中,可比价值作为一个政策被广泛批评:原文没有提到可比价值有被批评过。
D. 许多雇员都认为“可比价值”是一个政策,但很少有人采用这个它:还是定位在选项B中的那句话,说明有很多人都在用这个政策。
E. 早期可比价值策略的实施只带来了薪酬权益的短期收益:原文先提出问题:是先例还是短暂收益?后来给出了明确答复——是先例。
3. It can be inferred from the passage that application of "other mandates" (see highlighted text) would be unlikely to result in an outcome satisfactory to the female employees in which of the following situations?
I: males employed as long-distance truck drivers for a furniture company make $3.50 more per hour than do females with comparable job experience employed in the same capacity.
II: women working in the office of a cement company contend that their jobs are as demanding and valuable as those of the men working outside in the cement factory, but the women are paid much less per hour.
III: a law firm employs both male and female paralegals with the same educational and career backgrounds, but the same salary for male paralegals is $5,000 more than female paralegals.
(A) I only
(B) II only
(C) III only
(D) I and II only
(E) I and III only
解析
3.从文章可以推断,在以下哪个情形中,高亮的“其他规定”不太可能产生令女性雇员满意的结果:
I: 在一家家具公司当长途卡车司机的男性每小时要比有同等工作经验的女性多挣3.5美元。
II: 在水泥公司办公室工作的女性声称,她们的工作和在水泥厂外面工作的男性一样要求高、有价值,但她们的时薪要低得多。
III: 一家律师事务所雇佣的男女律师助理具有相同的教育和职业背景,但男性律师助理的薪水要比女性律师助理高出5000美元。
“其他规定”可以解决男女同工的问题,但无法很好地解决男女不同工的问题。三个情形中,只有II是男女不同工的情况。
A. 只有I
B. 正确。只有II
C. 只有III
D. 只有I和II
E. 只有I和III
4. Which of the following best describes an application of the principles of comparable worth as they are described in the passage?
(A) The current pay, rates of increase, and rates of promotion for female mechanics are compared with those of male mechanics.
(B) The training, skills, and job experience of computer programmers in one division of a corporation are compared to those of programmers making more money in another division.
(C) The number of women holding top executive positions in a corporation is compared to the number of women available for promotion to those positions, and both tallies are matched to the tallies for men in the same corporation.
(D) The skills, training, and job responsibilities of the clerks in the township tax assessor's office are compared to those of the much better-paid township engineers.
(E) The working conditions of female workers in a hazardous-materials environment are reviewed and their pay schedules compared to those of all workers in similar environments across the nation.
解析
4.下列哪一项最好地描述了文章中所描述的可比价值原则的应用:
这个题目就不做选项分析了,只要了解到可比价值的应用特点就可以顺利解题。在这篇文章中,可比价值的优势就是可以比较不同领域的工作。这道题目中,找到一个提到“不同工”的选项即可。
A. 将女机械师当前的工资、增长率和晋升率与男机械师进行比较。
B. 一个公司一个部门的计算机程序员的培训、技能和工作经验与另一个部门挣更多钱的程序员相比。
C. 在一家公司中担任最高管理职位的女性数量与可以晋升到这些职位的女性数量进行比较,然后将这两项数据与同一公司中男性的数据相匹配
D. 正确。乡镇计税员的技能、培训和工作职责与工资高得多的乡镇工程师相比。
E. 对危险物质环境中女工的工作条件进行了审查,并将她们的工资表与全国类似环境中所有女工的工资表进行了比较。
Passage 2
译文:
衡量19世纪末到现在英国企业在亚洲的表现是困难的。利润是一种衡量方法,但收集和比较数千家企业的利润和股息(分配给股东的利润份额)存在数据和解释上的问题。例如,英国的海外银行都有大量的隐藏储备金,这些储备金在公布利润之前就转移了。实际支付给股东的股利受税收政策、汇率波动等因素影响。例如, 20世纪20年代初,许多英国在印度的投资管理公司的高分红与其说是1919到1921年间成功企业的表现,不如说是股东要求公司从第一次世界大战时期留存下来的收益中提取短期利润的回应,而且当时印度的股息税较低以及印度卢比对英镑的汇率也非常有利。不同亚洲国家不同行业之间的比较也存在进一步的困难。
也许,衡量企业业绩的一个更令人满意的指标是市场份额。19世纪末,英国企业在许多亚洲国家占据主导地位;在伊朗,直到20世纪20年代,整个现代商业部门都在英国的控制之下。尽管在不同的国家,英国的经济衰退速度有所不同,但到了20世纪80年代,英国企业已不再在任何亚洲国家的市场中扮演如此核心的角色。
5. The passage suggests which of the following about the high dividends paid in India by many British managing companies during the early 1920s?
(A) They were made possible by the long-term profits gained by British business in India prior to the 1920s.
(B) They furnish evidence that undermines the accepted view of the results of low dividend-taxation rates on British business in India.
(C) They were unusually high because the exchange rate was more favorable for the rupee against the sterling than at any other time during the twentieth century.
(D) They were commensurate with the dividends paid by British managing companies in other Asian countries during the same period.
(E) They provide a misleading picture of the performance of British business in India from 1919 to 1921.
解析
5.文章认为,20世纪20年代初英国在印度的投资管理公司的高分红是怎样的:
定位:the high dividends paid in India by many British managing companies in the early 1920s were more a response to stockholders' demands for short-term profit-taking of earnings the companies had retained from the First World War years—coupled with low rates of dividend taxation in India and —than the result of spectacularly successful enterprise during the period 1919 to 1921.
A. 英国企业在1920s之前在印度获得的长期利润使得这些高分红有可能:原文没有提到1920s前英国在印度获得过“长期利润”。
B. 这些高分红提供的证据削弱了人们对英国企业在印度低股息税率的普遍看法:高分红并没有“削弱”大家对低股息税的看法。
C. 由于卢比对英镑的汇率比二十世纪的任何时候都要有利,所以高分红高得异乎寻常:原文没有提此时的汇率与其他时期的汇率相比是怎样的。
D. 这些高分红与英国管理公司同期在其他亚洲国家支付的股息相当:原文没有提和别的国家的比较。
E. 正确。这些高分红提供了英国企业在印度从1919年到1921年表现的误导性画面:原句中的more…than…提到,这并不算“企业成功”的表现,所以这个高分红会让大家误以为企业很成功。
6. According to the author of the passage, which of the following was true of British business in Iran during the twentieth century?
(A) British business was more central to the modern business sector of Iran in the 1920s than it was to the business sector of other Asian countries.
(B) British business dominated the modern business sector of Iran through the mid-twentieth century.
(C) British business in Iran was less subject to the effects of fluctuations in currency exchange rates than it was in other Asian countries.
(D) British business in Iran declined more slowly than it did in other Asian countries.
(E) British business played a larger role in the Iranian economy in the 1920s than it did in the 1980s.
解析
6.根据文章,关于20世纪英国企业在伊朗的情况是怎样的:
定位:in Iran as late as the 1920s, the entire modern business sector was under British control. Although it declined at different rates in different countries, by the 1980s British business no longer played such a central role in the market of any Asian country.
A. 与对其他亚洲国家相比,英国商业在20世纪20年代对伊朗现代商业部门的重要性更大:文章没有对比英国企业在伊朗和在其他国家的控制情况。
B. 整个二十世纪中叶,英国商业主导了伊朗的现代商业:原文提到,在20世纪20年代初,英国企业是主导伊朗商业的,到80年代就不再主导。所以不能说整个中叶英国都占主导地位。
C. 与在其他亚洲国家相比,英国企业在伊朗受到的汇率波动影响较小:原文没有提到这方面的比较。
D. 与在其他亚洲国家的英国企业相比,在伊朗的英国企业衰退得更慢:原文没有提这方面的比较。
E. 正确。与上世纪80年代相比,英国企业在20世纪20年代的伊朗经济中发挥了更大的作用:与原文一致。
7. The author of the passage mentions reserves in British overseas banks most likely in order to
(A) point out that published profits are less useful in measuring business success than are dividends
(B) suggest that many British businesses in Asia were less successful than their published profits indicated
(C) indicate that data about the profits of various businesses provide more useful information about short-term than about long-term performance
(D) illustrate the difficulties in drawing conclusions about business success or failure from published profits
(E) explain the role played by British overseas banks in British business transactions in the twentieth century
解析
7.作者提到英国在海外的储备金是为了:
海外储备金这一例子是为了说明“利润”并不是一个理想的衡量表现的方法。
A. 指出,在衡量企业成功方面,公布的利润不如股息有用:原文没有将“利润”和“股息”作对比。
B. 表明,许多在亚洲的英国企业不如公布的利润所显示的那样成功:原文提到储备金只是为了说明用“利润”这一衡量指标是不太靠谱的。不像所显示的那样成功是“高分红”展现出的,与海外储备金无关。
C. 表明各种业务的利润数据提供了更多关于短期业绩而不是长期业绩的有用信息:原文没有比较短期和长期业绩。
D. 正确。说明从公布的利润中得出商业成功或失败的结论的困难:提海外储备金就是为了说明我们很难从“利润”中衡量企业的表现。
E. 解释二十世纪英国海外银行在英国商业交易中所扮演的角色:无关。
Passage 3
译文:
虽然在20世纪30年代和40年代以工业组织大会(CIO)为旗帜出现的工业工会组织接受了不歧视和包容的原则,但妇女在工会中的作用反映了当时普遍存在的性别意识形态。Elizabeth Faue对明尼阿波利斯市劳工运动的研究认为,工会的官僚化以及工会与社区政治的分离(工业工会主义就是从社区政治中产生的),使妇女被边缘化了。Faue强调妇女在社区层面上对工会发展做出贡献的重要性,这种贡献使女性的最终命运在城市的劳工运动十分悲惨:当工会在1940年代达到顶峰时,社区基础与工会的体制生活越来越无关,这些基础使工会成功成为可能并且妇女的贡献对其至关重要。
Nancy F. Gabin在研究上世纪30年代至70年代的CIO行业工会时,也承认工会中普遍存在男性主导的情况,但她认为,女性工人能够在一些工会中创造政治空间,以促进她们作为女性的利益。Gabin指出,尽管工会有排斥妇女问题的倾向,但工作妇女的需求在工会内部是一股持续的暗流,她强调工会的女性活动家与20世纪60年代出现的女权主义浪潮之间的联系。
8. According to the passage, Faue's study and Gabin's study agree in that both
(A) attribute the inclusion of women in unions to the policies of the CIO
(B) emphasize the importance of unions at the community level
(C) argue that women played important roles in the establishment of industrial union organizations
(D) suggest that women in industrial union organizations played a subordinate role
(E) suggest that the interests of women workers were incompatible with those of unions in general
解析
8.根据文章,Faue的研究和Gabin的研究都同意:
A. 将妇女加入工会归功于CIO的政策:Gabin没有提妇女加入工会是谁的功劳。
B. 强调工会在社区层面上的重要性:原文没提。文章只提到Faue强调过“女性”对社区层面的重要性。
C. 认为妇女在工业工会组织的建立中起了重要作用:原文没有提女性在“建立”工会时起的作用。
D. 正确。认为妇女在工会组织中起着从属的作用:Faue认为女性被边缘化了(定位:women were marginalized by union bureaucratization and by the separation of unions from the community politics from which industrial unionism had emerged);Gabin认为工会中存在男性主导的情况(定位:Nancy F. Gabin also acknowledges the pervasive male domination in the unions)。
E. 认为妇女工人的利益与工会的利益是不相容的:原文没提。
9. Which of the following can be inferred regarding the "gender ideology" mentioned in the highlighted text?
(A) It prevented women from making significant contributions to the establishment of industrial unions.
(B) It resulted from the marginalization of women in industrial unions.
(C) It had a significant effect on the advancement of women's issues within industrial unions.
(D) Its primary tenets were nondiscrimination and inclusion.
(E) Its effects were mitigated by the growth of industrial unions.
解析
9.根据高亮的“性别意识形态”我们可以推出什么:
A. 它阻止女性给工会的建立做贡献:原文没有提女性对“建立”工会的影响。
B. 它是由女性在工会中的边缘化导致的:因果倒置。应该是因为这个意识形态,而导致的女性被边缘化。
C. 正确。它对工会中女性问题的推进有重要影响:从文章来看,正是因为这个“gender ideology”,才会让本来视为被CIO已经消除的歧视没有彻底除掉,继而对女性在工会中的重要性产生了重要的影响。
D. 它的首要原则是反歧视和包容:反歧视和包容是CIO的原则,根据原文的“although”可以推断这个意识形态一定是跟CIO相反的.
E. 它的影响被工会的发展减轻了:当工会到了最顶峰的时候,正是让女性地位谷底的时候。而随后在Gabin的理论中,她也承认女性在工会中一直是“暗流”,所以可以看出“gender ideology”并没有被工会的发展而减轻。
10. The author of the passage is primarily concerned with
(A) presenting two views
(B) reconciling two antithetical claims
(C) assessing conflicting evidence
(D) weakening a generally accepted argument
(E) tracing the development of an ideology
解析
10.文章的主旨是:
A. 正确。展示两个观点:作者中立地陈述了Faue和Gabin的观点。
B. 调和两个对立的主张:作者没有要“调和”的意思。
C. 评估有冲突的证据:文章没有给出“互相矛盾”的证据。
D. 削弱一个被广泛接受的理论:作者没有削弱哪个观点,只是很中立地陈述了两个观点。
E. 追溯一个意识形态的发展:文章只在一开始提到一个意识形态,但后面也没对其进行追溯。
Passage 4
译文:
反垄断机构投入大量资源,对拟议中的企业合并进行审查,以评估其可能产生的反竞争影响,如消费者价格上涨等。但很少有人评估已经实施的并购是否会导致消费者价格上涨。没有这些信息,就不可能确定反垄断政策是过于严格还是过于克制。
最近的一项研究从已获批准的并购案中挑选出那些在批准之前看起来最有可能导致价格上涨的并购案。随后,研究人员对其中五宗并购交易完成一段时间后的样本进行了评估。合并后的公司生产的品牌产品在他们所瞄准的细分市场中几乎可以互换。为了考虑与合并同时发生的任何变化(因此可能是分析中的混淆因素),该研究使用了行业内相应的通用产品作为对照组。通用型产品被认为是合适的,因为它们与合并公司的品牌产品共享许多相同的投入(尽管不是广告),但不会被品牌产品的忠实购买者视为品牌产品的同等良好替代品。因此,通用型产品的价格可能会相对不受合并导致的价格上涨的影响。
研究发现,样本中的五次合并中,有四次导致了消费价格的些许上涨。估计的价格涨幅相对较小,一般在3%到7%之间。然而,考虑到合并发生在进行大量商业活动的行业中,从消费者到制造商的现金转移总额是相当可观的。由于这项研究有一些局限性,因此,现在就得出“从样本中选取的并购交易总体来说对消费者有害”这样的结论还为时过早。这项研究只考察了没能阻止本可以被有效阻止的合并的后果,它没有分析拒绝那些并不会导致价格上涨的合并的后果。这就增加了这样一种可能性:在允许了被证明是反竞争的合并(如,合并的结果是价格上涨)这件事上,政府或许也会允许许多被证明是有效的、但在更严格的反垄断政策下会受到挑战的合并。
11. The final paragraph serves primarily to
(A) illustrate how some approved mergers that resulted in anticompetitive price increases benefited consumers in the long run.
(B) argue that some anticompetitive mergers will be approved even under the most stringent of antitrust regulations.
(C) criticize the authors of the study on mergers for failing to consider the specific y regulations governing antitrust policy and practice.
(D) suggest that the study on mergers provides insufficient information to assess whether antitrust policies are either too stringent or too restrained.
(E) imply that the authors of the study on mergers are incorrect in their assertion that the mergers they examined resulted in a net harm to consumers.
解析
11.最后一段的作用是:
最后一段指出,研究是有缺陷的,是不能直接说明反垄断法是严格还是克制的。
A. 说明已被批准的、导致反竞争价格上涨的合并是如何使消费者长期受益的:最后一段没有提使消费者“长期受益”的事情。
B. 认为有些反竞争合并即使在最严格的反垄断法下也会被通过:原文没提。
C. 批评研究合并的作者没能考虑反垄断政策和实践的具体规定:原文没提。
D. 正确。认为针对合并的研究没能提供充分的信息,来帮助我们评估反垄断政策是太严还是太松:根据原文“Because the study has some limitations, it would be premature to conclude that...”可以推断。
E. 暗示研究合并的作者错误地认为,他们研究的合并对消费者有净损害:原文只是说,信息不充分,所以下结论为时尚早,但不代表这个结论是错误的。只是目前信息不充分,并不能肯定这个结论的正误。
12. Which of the following statements about the price increases observed in the study is most reasonable to infer from the information in the passage?
(A) They were not primarily due to improvements made in product quality.
(B) They were small enough to be considered insignificant by regulatory authorities.
(C) They were due to a decrease in competition, a decrease that resulted from factors independent of the merger.
(D) They were observed both in the products produced by the merged companies and in the corresponding generic products.
(E) They were due to a decrease in competition from generic products of which the prices had increased or the quality decreased.
解析
12.关于研究中观察到的价格上涨,以下哪个是能够根据文章合理推出的:
A. 正确。产品质量改进不是导致它们的首要原因:首要原因一定是与“垄断”有关,所以不可能是质量的原因。
B. 它们的规模小到足以被监管当局视为无足轻重:虽然价格上涨幅度小,但原文明确说到,交易量大,所以现金交易总额还是很大的,因此此选项推断有误。
C. 它们由于竞争减少而下降,下降的原因与合并无关:前半句是对的,但这个下降不可能和合并带来的垄断无关。
D. 在合并公司生产的产品上和通用型产品上都观察到了价格上涨:原文选的通用型产品的价格不会受合并影响的。
E. 它们由于来自价格上涨或质量下降的通用型产品的竞争减少造成的:通用型产品的价格是不会受影响的;且文章提到的价格上涨一定与合并有关。
13. The primary purpose of the passage is to
(A) explain how merger approvals by antitrust authorities affect consumer prices for manufactured products.
(B) discuss the types of information antitrust authorities should use to better evaluate their procedures for merger approvals.
(C) discuss a research study that investigated possible anticompetitive effects of business mergers that had been approved by antitrust authorities.
(D) use the evidence provided by a research study to show some effects of mergers on prices of generic products within an industry.
(E) invoke the findings of a research study to argue that some of the resources spent reviewing mergers before approval should be spent reviewing mergers after approval.
解析
13.文章的主旨是:
A. 解释反垄断机构批准的合并是如何影响产品的价格的:文章讨论的并不是“如何”影响,而是“会不会”影响。
B. 讨论反垄断机构应使用何种信息来更好地评估它的并购批准程序:原文没有提批准“程序”的问题。
C. 正确。讨论一个研究,这个研究调查了反垄断机构批准的合并带来的反竞争影响:文章通篇都在探讨,实施后的合并对价格的影响,以及是否带来了反竞争这样不好的影响。
D. 使用一个研究提供的证据,为了展示合并对某个行业里的通用型产品带来的影响:原文的重点并不是通用型产品。
E. 引用一项研究的发现,认为一些在批准前审查合并的资源应该用于审查批准后的合并:原文的意思并不是要把审查资源转移,而是也要关注批准后的合并带来的影响,以此判断反垄断法规的严松程度。
14. Which of the following claims is made by the passage?
(A) The per-unit marketing costs of brand-name products are lower than those for generic products.
(B) Increases in the prices of brand-name products are likely to cause increases in the prices of the corresponding generic products.
(C) Large increases in the price of brand-name products are unlikely to cause many consumers to switch to the corresponding generic products.
(D) Increases in the costs of some manufacturing inputs do not lead to increases in the prices of generic products.
(E) Mergers that lead to significant price increases in the merged companies, products are unlikely to cause similar price increases in the corresponding generic products.
解析
14.以下哪项是文章提出的:
A. 品牌产品的单位营销成本低于通用型产品:原文没提。
B. 品牌产品价格的上涨有可能导致相应的通用型产品价格的上涨:原文明确说品牌价格不会影响通用型产品的价格。
C. 品牌产品价格的大幅度上涨不太可能使许多消费者转而购买相应的通用型产品:原文没提品牌产品价格大涨时,消费者的消费行为是怎样的。
D. 一些生产投入成本的增加并不会导致通用型产品价格的上涨:原文没有提投入成本与价格的关系。
E. 正确。并购导致被并购公司的产品价格大幅上涨,不太可能导致相应的通用型产品出现类似的价格上涨:与原文“Thus prices for generics would probably remain relatively unaffected by price increases resulting from the merger”一致。
Passage 5
译文:
就像在十七、十八世纪的欧洲一样,在北美殖民地,家庭和企业常常是共生的。亲属关系为企业提供了资金、信贷和联系;相应地,家族企业为亲属提供了就业、培训和晋升机会。
然而,殖民地历史学家对亲属关系在手工业机构中的中心地位以及18世纪北美殖民地手工业家庭习俗的演变持不同意见。一些人认为,直到19世纪早期,工艺王朝(代际家庭手工机构)在某些地区主导着某些工艺。Carl Bridenbaugh写道,两代人对工艺技能的掌握,使18世纪的一些手工业家庭能够“以近乎贵族的方式生活,并在一个地区几代人的时间里主宰(甚至统治)社会和政治生活”。W.J. Rorabaugh认为,直到19世纪40年代,代际手工艺在所有的手工艺中都很重要。
其他历史学家不同意。例如, Stephanie Wolf认为,在18世纪宾夕法尼亚州日耳曼敦的手工业企业中,“传统家庭模式几乎没有发展的趋势……父亲们似乎没有训练他们的儿子跟随他们的脚步。”Wolf将王朝的缺乏归因于现代商业世界观的存在。的确,即便是不同意Wolf观点的学者也会承认,在现代世界观日益广泛的影响下,工艺王朝的重要性有所下降。
15. The existence of which of the following pieces of evidence would most undermine the position of Rorabaugh, as described in the passage?
(A) Documents dating from the eighteenth century setting forth the terms of a loan made to a merchant by a family business
(B) Documents indicating that most establishments in a certain craft typically hired recent immigrants rather than family members in the early nineteenth century
(C) Military records demonstrating the participation of members of artisanal families in the wars of the eighteenth century in colonial North America
(D) Detailed descriptions of craft practices contained in the eighteenth-century letters of a father to his son
(E) An eighteenth-century letter of introduction provided by the head of one family firm recommending a cousin for employment in a distant relative's firm
解析
15.以下哪项可以削弱Rorabaugh的观点:
Rorabaugh的观点是:代际手工艺在所有的手工艺中都很重要。
A. 可追溯到18世纪的文件规定了家族企业向商人提供贷款的条件:与Rorabaugh的观点无关。
B. 正确。文件表明,在19世纪早期,某一行业的大多数企业通常雇佣新移民,而不是家庭成员:Rorabaugh认为代际手工艺很重要,但如果很多行业不雇佣自己的家庭成员而是外部人员,说明代际手工艺的地位或许没那么高。
C. 军事记录显示了18世纪北美殖民地手工家庭成员参与战争的情况:与Rorabaugh的观点无关。
D. 十八世纪一位父亲写给他儿子的信中对手工操作的详细描述:父亲传手工艺给儿子,该选项支持了Rorabaugh的观点。
E. 18世纪的一封介绍信,由一家族企业的老板提供,推荐一位亲戚去他的远房亲戚的公司工作:该选项描述的是家庭内部的情况,支持了Rorabaugh的观点。
16. It can be inferred from the passage that the scholars referred to in the highlighted text would agree with Wolf about which of the following statements pertaining to craft dynasties?
(A) Their livelihood depended on the existence of a merchant class.
(B) Their existence was incompatible with the presence of a modern, commercial worldview.
(C) Their political position with respect to events in colonial North America depended on the type of craft work in which they were engaged.
(D) They were more prevalent in other parts of colonial North America than in Pennsylvania.
(E) They were valued by artisans primarily because of the wealth and prestige associated with them.
解析
16.根据文章可以推断,高亮的学者会同意Wolf的、关于工艺王朝的哪个观点:
定位:even scholars who disagree with Wolf would concede that craft dynasties declined in importance under the influence of an increasingly widespread modern worldview.这些学者和Wolf都同意工艺王朝在现代世界观的影响下有所下降。
A. 它们(指工艺王朝)的生计依赖于一个商人阶级的存在:原文没提。
B. 正确。它们的存在与现代商业世界观的存在是不相容的:与原文一致。因为现代世界观的影响,所以工艺王朝有所下降。
C. 它们对北美殖民地事件的政治立场取决于他们所从事的手工工作的类型:原文没提。
D. 它们在北美殖民地的其他地区比在宾夕法尼亚州更为普遍:原文没提。
E. 工匠们之所以重视它们,主要是因为它们所带来的财富和声望:原文没提。
17. According to the passage, Bridenbaugh attributes the wealth and power of some eighteenth-century North American artisanal families to which of the following?
(A) Their rejection of commercialism
(B) Their ready access to capital and credit
(C) Their kin connections with European craft dynasties
(D) The patronage of merchants and professionals
(E) An intergenerational command of craft skills
解析
17.根据文章,Bridenbaugh把18世纪北美一些手工业家庭的财富和权力归之于以下哪一项:
定位:Carl Bridenbaugh wrote that an intergenerational command of craft skills enabled some artisanal families in the eighteenth century "to live in near-baronial style, and to dominate, nay rule over, the social and political life" of a region for generations. 此题不做选项分析,只要能理解Bridenbaugh是认为代际手工艺很重要的,就可以解题。
A. 他们拒绝商业主义。
B. 他们随时可以获得资金和信贷。
C. 他们与欧洲工艺王朝的亲缘关系。
D. 商人和专业人士的赞助。
E. 正确。两代人对工艺技能的掌握。