《毕出21套》解析:阅读第4套

毕出 ·

阅读第 4 套

Passage 1

译文:

在20世纪80年代,天文学家Bohdan Paczynski提出了一种方法来确定构成银河系最外层的巨大暗晕是否由MACHO(大质量致密晕天体)组成,MACHO是一种太暗而看不见的天体。Paczynski推断,如果MACHO构成了这个光环,那么MACHO就会偶尔漂移到Large Magellanic星云(银河系附近的一个明亮星系)中的一颗恒星前面。天文学家一致认为,一个MACHO的重力如此漂移,将导致恒星的光线(原本会发散)一起弯曲,这样,从地球上观察到的恒星将暂时出现明亮,这一过程被称为微透镜。由于许多恒星本身的亮度是可变的,一些天文学家认为,本质可变的恒星的变亮可能会被误认为是微透镜效应。然而,当恒星变亮时,虽然恒星发出的不同颜色的光会受到不同的影响,但所有恒星的颜色都会受到微透镜相同的影响。因此,如果一个MACHO把一颗星的红光放大十倍,那么它也会把这颗星的蓝光和黄光放大十倍。此外,Large Magellanic星云中的一颗恒星不太可能经历多次微透镜化,因为第二个MACHO从同一颗恒星前面经过的可能性几乎微乎其微。


1. It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following would constitute the strongest evidence of the microlensing of a star in the Large Magellanic Cloud?


(A) The brightness of such a star is observed to vary at irregular intervals.

(B) The brightening of such a star is observed to be of shorter duration than the brightening of neighboring stars.

(C) The red light of such a star is observed to be brighter than its yellow light and its blue light.

(D) The red light, yellow light, and blue light of such a star are observed to be magnified temporarily by the same factor.

(E) The red light of such a star is observed to have increased tenfold. 


解析

1.从文章可以推断,以下哪项是Large Magellanic星云中的一颗恒星经历了微透镜化的证据:

A. 这个星星被观测到的亮度在一个不规则的区间内变化:文中没有提及亮度在某区间内变化的问题,只是说由于“microlensing”,星星会变得比较亮。

B. 这个星星明亮的时间比旁边的星星要短:文中没有提到星星明亮的时间长短问题。

C. 这个星星被观测到的红光比黄光和蓝光更加明亮:这个选项说反了,定位在“if a MACHO magnifies a star's red light tenfold, it will do the same to the star's blue light and yellow light.”,原意应该是会同等地增强各种颜色的光。

D. 正确。这个星星的红黄蓝光都会暂时地被以相同倍数放大:和C选项中的定位一样。如果是因为MACHO,那么会等量放大。

E. 这个星星的红光会被放大10倍:这只是作者举出的一个例子,不一定是10倍20倍。况且只知道红光的情况、不提别的光的情况是没有用的。


2. According to the passage, Paczynski's theory presumes that if MACHO's constituted the Milky Way's dark halo, occasionally a MACHO would


(A) drift so as to lie in a direct line between two stars in the outer Milky Way

(B) affect the light rays of a star in the Large Magellanic Cloud with the result that the star would seem for a time to brighten

(C) become obscured as a result of the microlensing of a star in the Large Magellanic Cloud

(D) temporarily increase the apparent brightness of a star in the Large Magellanic Cloud by increasing the gravity of the star

(E) magnify each color in the spectrum of a star in the Large Magellanic Cloud by a different amount 


解析

2.根据文章,Paczynski的理论认为,如果MACHO组成了银河系的暗晕,那么MACHO会偶尔:

A. 漂移,以至于坐落于银河系之外两颗恒星之间的直线上:原文描述的是,MACHO在一个星星前而不是选项中说的在两个星星之间的连线上。

B. 正确。影响一个在Large Magellanic星云中的星星的光以至于这个星星会在一个时间段内显得非常明亮:与原文“the star would temporarily appear to brighten”一致。

C. 由于在Large Magellanic星云里的星星的微透镜化而变暗:MACHO本身就很暗,并没有因为微透镜化而变暗。

D. 通过提升星星重力的方法暂时地增加星星的明亮度:提升明亮度的原理错误。

E. 将Large Magellanic星云中的恒星的光谱中的每一种颜色都放大不同的倍数:微透镜化会把每种颜色放大相同的倍数。


3. The passage is primarily concerned with


(A) outlining reasons why a particular theory is no longer credited by some astronomers

(B) presenting data collected by a researcher in response to some astronomers' criticism of a particular line of reasoning

(C) explaining why a researcher proposed a particular theory and illustrating how influential that theory has been

(D) showing how a researcher's theory has been used to settle a dispute between the researcher and some astronomers

(E) describing a line of reasoning put forth by a researcher and addressing a contention concerning that line of reasoning 


解析

3.文章的主旨是:

A. 概述某些天文学家不再相信某一特定理论的原因:文章中间部分出现了部分天文学家对星星亮度改变的质疑,但后来证明天文学家的担心是多余的。

B. 展示研究员收集的证据,为了回应一些天文学家的批评:研究员没有展示证据。文章中也没有为回击天文学家而特意的去展示什么。

C. 解释为什么研究员提出一个理论,并且说明这个理论的影响:文中作者并没有解释为什么要有这个理论。只是解释这个理论的内容。

D. 展示一个研究员的理论如何被用于解决研究人员和天文学家之间的争论:文章的重点并不是解决研究人员和天文学家的争论。

E. 正确。描述由研究人员提出的一个理论,并解决关于这条理论的争论:文章开篇先提出了一些事实,继而定义“microlensing”,最后反驳不同意见从而更强调论点。


Passage 2

译文:

流星流是由从母彗星以各种速度喷射出的尘埃颗粒组成的。这些粒子沿着与母彗星相同的轨道运行,但由于它们的速度不同,它们缓慢地接近或落在解体的彗星后面,直到整个彗星轨道被一层尘埃覆盖。天文学家假设,当尘埃粒子的轨道受到行星重力场的扰动时,流星流应该会随着时间的推移而变宽。最近的一个计算机模拟实验验证了这一假设,该实验跟踪了5000年的行星引力对一组假设尘埃粒子位置的影响。在该模型中,粒子随机分布于一个真实的流星群——双子座的轨道计算机模拟中。研究人员发现,正如预期的那样,计算机模型的流星流随着时间的推移而扩宽。然而,传统的理论预测,粒子的分布将越来越密集地朝向流星群的中心。但令人惊讶的是,计算机模拟的流星流则逐渐变得像一个厚壁的空心管。

每当地球经过流星群时,就会发生流星雨。如果这条流星流有5000年的历史,那么地球以每天超过150万英里的速度绕其轨道运行,平均只需一天多一点的时间就能穿过这条空心的电脑模拟的双子座流星流。在流星雨期间会观察到两个短暂的流星活动高峰期,一个是地球进入厚壁“管道”时,另一个是地球离开时。地球没有理由总是要经过流星流的正中心,所以两次爆发活动之间的时间间隔一年比一年不同。

在实际的双子座流星雨中,预测的双峰活动被观测到了吗?1970年至1979年间的双子座流星数据显示了这样一个分岔,即,在第一次爆发后的平均19小时(120万英里)内,第二次流星活动的爆发清晰可见。这些爆发之间的时间间隔表明,真正的双子座流星雨大约有3000年的历史。


4. The author states that the research described in the first paragraph was undertaken in order to


(A) determine the age of an actual meteor stream

(B) identify the various structural features of meteor streams

(C) explore the nature of a particularly interesting meteor stream

(D) test the hypothesis that meteor streams become broader as they age

(E) show that a computer model could help in explaining actual astronomical data


解析

4.作者认为,第一段中的实验的目的是:

定位:Astronomers have hypothesized that a meteor stream should broaden...A recent computer-modeling experiment tested this hypothesis by...。研究人员预测流星流会变宽,因此通过实验模拟了一下。此题不做选项分析,可以理解这两句话就可解题。

A. 确定流星雨真实的年龄。

B. 确定流星流不同的结构特点。

C. 探索一个特别有趣的流星流的本质。

D. 正确。验证流星流随着年龄增长而变宽的假设:与原文一致。

E. 表明计算机模型可以帮助解释实际的天文数据。


5. It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following would most probably be observed during the Earth's passage through a meteor stream if the conventional theories mentioned in the highlighted text were correct?


(A) Meteor activity would gradually increase to a single, intense peak, and then gradually decline.

(B) Meteor activity would be steady throughout the period of the meteor shower.

(C) Meteor activity would rise to a peak at the beginning and at the end of the meteor shower.

(D) Random bursts of very high meteor activity would be interspersed with periods of very activity.

(E) In years in which the Earth passed through only the outer areas of a meteor stream, meteor activity would be absent.


解析

5.从文章中可以推断,如果高亮文字中提到的传统理论是正确的,那么在地球通过流星流的过程中,下列哪一项最有可能被观测到:

定位: Conventional theories, however, predicted that the distribution of particles would be increasingly dense toward the center of a meteor stream. 传统理论认为,粒子的分布将越来越密集地朝向流星群的中心。说明只有一个峰值存在。此题不做选项分析,能理解这一定位句即可解题。

A. 正确。流星活动会逐渐增加到一个单一的,强烈的峰值,然后逐渐下降。

B. 流星活动在整个流星雨期间将是稳定的。

C. 流星活动将在流星雨的开始和结束时达到顶峰。

D. 激烈的流星活动的随机爆发会穿插于非常活跃的阶段。

E. 在地球只经过流星群外围的那些年里,流星活动是不存在的。


6. According to the passage, why do the dust particles in a meteor stream eventually surround a comet's original orbit?


(A) They are ejected by the comet at differing velocities.

(B) Their orbits are uncontrolled by planetary gravitational fields.

(C) They become part of the meteor stream at different times.

(D) Their velocity slows over time.

(E) Their ejection velocity is slower than that of the comet.


解析

6.根据这篇文章,为什么流星流中的尘埃颗粒最终会环绕彗星的原始轨道:

定位:A meteor stream is composed of dust particles that have been ejected from a parent comet at a variety of velocities. These particles follow the same orbit as the parent comet, but due to their differing velocities...尘埃粒子是以不同的速度喷射出来的,然后由于不同的速度它们会聚集在彗星后面。此题不做选项分析,可以理解此定位句即可解题。

A. 正确。它们被彗星以不同的速度喷射出来。

B. 它们的轨道不受行星重力场的控制。

C. 它们在不同的时间成为流星流的一部分。

D. 它们的速度随着时间变慢。

E. 它们的喷射速度比彗星慢。


7. The passage suggests that which of the following is a prediction concerning meteor streams that can be derived from both the conventional theories mentioned in the highlighted text and the new computer derived theory?


(A) Dust particles in a meteor stream will usually be distributed evenly throughout any cross section of the stream.

(B) The orbits of most meteor streams should cross the orbit of the Earth at some point and give rise to a meteor shower.

(C) Over time the distribution of dust in a meteor stream will usually become denser at the outside edges of the stream than at the center.

(D) Meteor showers caused by older meteor streams should be, on average, longer in duration than those caused by very young meteor streams.

(E) The individual dust particles in older meteor streams should be, on average, smaller than those that compose younger meteor streams.


解析

7.文章认为,从高亮的传统理论和新的计算机导出的理论中,可以得到以下哪项关于流星流的预测:

A. 流星群中的尘埃颗粒通常会均匀地分布在流星群的任何横截面上:传统的理论预测,粒子的分布将越来越密集地朝向流星群的中心,而非均匀地分布。

B. 大多数流星群的轨道会在某一时刻穿过地球的轨道,从而引起流星雨:原文没有提是否大多数流星群都会穿过地球轨道,只是说一旦穿过,就会引起流星雨。

C. 随着时间的推移,流星群中尘埃的分布通常会在流星群的边缘变得比中心更密集:同A,传统的理论预测,粒子的分布将越来越密集地朝向流星群的中心。

D. 正确。一般来说,由较老的流星群所引起的流星雨的持续时间应该比由非常年轻的流星群所引起的流星雨的持续时间要长:不论传统理论还是模型理论,均同意时间越长流星流越宽,所以老一些的流星群引起的流星雨的时间更长。

E. 平均而言,较老的流星群中的单个尘埃颗粒应该比较年轻的流星群中的尘埃颗粒要小:文章没有提尘埃颗粒的大小问题。


Passage 3

译文:

关于公司为什么坚持或偏离他们的战略计划,人们知之甚少。然而,理论和有限的研究表明,这类计划的形成过程可能起了一定作用。特别是,最高管理层的共享型决策方式——达成共识、团队决策——会增加公司坚持计划的可能性,因为那些参与决策的人更可能致力于被选择的行动,从而提高组织随后坚持计划的可能性。

然而,高层管理决策共享和坚持计划之间的关系可能会受到战略使命(增加销售收入和市场份额、产生现金流和短期利润的基本方法)的影响。在战略使命统一体的一端,当企业希望增加其市场份额并为此牺牲短期利润时,就会追求“构建”战略。另一方面,当一个公司为了短期盈利和最大化而牺牲市场份额时,就会使用“收获”策略。研究和理论表明,在实施收获策略的企业中,与实施构建策略的企业相比,最高管理层决策共享与遵守计划的关系可能更为正相关。在一项对几家大公司的战略实践的研究中,处于收获战略场景的管理者更能坚持他们的商业计划。正如研究中的一位经理所解释的那样,这或许是因为“一般来说,(在实施收获策略时)经理所要做的就是重复去年所做的事情。”此外,收获策略下的管理者可能比构建策略下的管理者拥有更少的战略选择;因此,通过决策共享可能更容易就某一特定的行动方针达成协议,而这又将有助于促进对计划的遵守。相反,在“构建”战略场景中,个人领导而不是决策共享,可能会促进对计划的遵守。当在有明确战略的个人领导下而不是决策共享时,构建策略——通常需要领导人有对未来的强烈的个人愿景,而不是在团队决策中的妥协——可能会被严格遵守。


8. Which of the following best describes the function of the first sentence (see highlighted text) of the second paragraph of the passage?


(A) To answer a question posed in the first sentence of the passage about why firms adopt particular strategic missions

(B) To refute an argument made in the first paragraph about how top management decision-making affects whether firms will adhere to their strategic plans

(C) To provide evidence supporting a theory introduced in the first paragraph about what makes firms adhere to or deviate from their strategic plans

(D) To an assertion made in the preceding sentence about how top management decision—making affects the likelihood that firms will adhere to their strategic plans

(E) To explain a distinction relied on in the second paragraph regarding two different kinds of strategic missions


解析

8.第二段的第一句话的作用是:

第一段给出了一个影响计划实施的因素——决策方式,第二段进一步限定,解释还有一个因素会影响决策方式和计划实施之间的关系。

A. 回答文章第一句话提出的一个问题,即企业为什么要采取特定的战略使命:第一句话并不是在问“为什么要采取特定的战略”,而是在问“为什么公司会偏离或者遵守计划”。

B. 反驳第一段中关于高层管理决策如何影响公司是否会坚持其战略计划的论点:第二段并没有对第一段进行反驳,而是在第一段的基础上,进一步限定,使结论更严谨。

C. 提供支持第一段所介绍的理论的证据,说明是什么使企业坚持或偏离其战略计划:使企业坚持或者偏离计划的因素在第一段就明确给出了。

D. 正确。对上句中关于高层管理决策如何影响公司坚持其战略计划的可能性的断言进行限定:第二段给出的“however”,说明不能仅讨论决策方式和计划实施的关系,还要考虑策略的影响。

E. 解释第二段所依据的关于两种不同战略任务的区别:此句和两种策略的区别无关。


9. It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following firms would be the most to adhere to its strategic plans?


(A) One that is pursuing a build strategy and whose strategic plans were developed through the process of decision sharing

(B) One that is pursuing a harvest strategy and whose strategic plans were developed through the process of decision-sharing

(C) One that is pursuing a harvest strategy and whose strategic plans were developed by an individual leader with a strong personal vision for the future

(D) One that does not fluctuate between builds and harvest strategies

(E) One that has a long—established practice of top management decision-sharing


解析

9.根据文章可以推断,以下哪个公司最可能坚持计划:

根据原文可以推断,“收获”策略下的决策共享,以及“构建”策略下的个人决策,最可能坚持计划。

A. 追求构建策略,并且决策共享。

B. 正确。追求收获策略,并且决策共享。

C. 追求收获策略,并且个人决策。

D. 不在构建和收获策略间徘徊的。

E. 有长期决策共享经验的。


10. The author includes the quotation in the highlighted text of the passage most probably in order to


(A) lend support to the claim that firms utilizing harvest strategies may be more to adhere to their strategic plans

(B) suggest a reason that many managers of large firms prefer harvest strategies to build strategies

(C) provide an example of a firm that adhered to its strategic plan because of the degree of its managers’ commitment

(D) demonstrate that managers implementing harvest strategies generally have better strategic options than do managers implementing build strategies

(E) give an example of a large firm that successfully implemented a harvest strategy


解析

10.作者引用高亮中的文字是为了:

结合上一句:In a study of strategic practices in several large firms, managers in harvest strategy scenarios were more able to adhere to their business plans. 这句说明了使用收获策略的公司更容易坚持计划,高亮的句子紧跟着给出了原因,解释为什么收获策略的公司更容易坚持计划。此题不做选项分析,可以理解高亮句和前一句的关系即可。

A. 正确。支持一个声明,这个声明是使用“收获”策略的公司更可以坚持计划。

B. 给出大公司管理者更喜欢收获策略的原因。

C. 举一个公司的例子,该公司由于其管理者的贡献程度而坚持战略计划。

D. 说明实施收获策略的管理者比实施构建策略的管理者有更好的策略选择。

E. 给出一个成功实施收获策略的大公司的例子。


11. According to the theory and research discussed in the first paragraph of the passage, which of the following may be true of firms that use teams to develop their strategic plans?


(A) They are more to pursue build strategies rather than harvest strategies.

(B) They are less likely to have a well-defined strategic mission than are firms with individual leaders.

(C) They are less to deviate from their strategic plans because team members may be more committed to the plans.

(D) They generally follow a similar pattern in alternating efforts to increase revenues and market share with efforts to generate short-term profits.

(E) They are less likely to adhere to their strategic plans because they tend to lack a clear strategic vision.


解析

11.根据文章第一段提到的理论和研究,关于以团队形式做计划的公司,以下哪项是正确的:

A. 他们更有可能追求构建策略,而非收获策略:原文没提他们会追求哪个策略。

B. 和有个人领导的公司相比,他们更不可能有一个优秀的策略:原文没提。

C. 正确。他们更不可能偏离计划,因为团队成员更遵循计划:与原文“because those involved in the decision-making may be more committed to the chosen course of action, thereby increasing the likelihood that organizations will subsequently adhere to their plans”一致。

D. 它们通常遵循类似的模式,在增加收入和市场份额的同时,努力创造短期利润:原文没提。

E. 他们不太可能坚持自己的战略计划,因为他们往往缺乏清晰的战略愿景:与原文相反。他们更容易坚持计划。


12. The primary purpose of the passage is to


(A) identify some of the obstacles that make it difficult for firms to adhere to their strategic business plans

(B) compare two different theories concerning why firms adhere to or deviate from their strategic plans

(C) evaluate the utility of top management decision-sharing as a method of implementing the strategic mission of a business

(D) discuss the respective advantages and disadvantages of build and harvest strategies among several large firms

(E) examine some of the factors that may affect whether or not firms adhere to their strategic plans


解析

12.文章的主旨是:

A. 确定一些使公司难以坚持其战略商业计划的障碍:文章不是为了确定坚持计划的“障碍”,而是提出一个影响因素,并且进一步解释说明。

B. 比较两种关于公司为什么坚持或偏离战略计划的不同的理论:文章没有给出“两种”理论,只给出了一种,然后加以详细说明。

C. 评估高层管理决策共享作为实现企业战略使命的一种方法的效用:文章没有“评估”决策共享作为一种方法的效果,只讨论了它在不同情况下对能否计划坚持的影响。

D. 论几个大公司各自的构建和收获策略的优缺点:文章没有着重讲两种策略的优缺点,只是说了一下在哪些情况下用哪种策略更好。

E. 正确。研究一些可能影响公司是否坚持其战略计划的因素:文章讨论了计划方式以及不同策略对是否坚持计划的影响。


Passage 4

译文:

在过去的150年里,大片的鲑鱼栖息地被人类活动所消灭:采矿、放牧、伐木、农业以及娱乐和城市发展。数值效应是很明显的:退化区域的鲑鱼数量少于原生区域;然而,栖息地的丧失也有可能减少遗传多样性。这一点在整个鲑鱼种群灭绝的案例中表现得最为明显。事实上,大多数分析人士认为,某种环境退化导致了许多已灭绝的鲑鱼种群的消亡。虽然一些河流已经被重新占领,但是原始种群的独特基因已经丢失。

在一个地区的大规模干扰也有可能改变邻近地区的遗传结构,即使这些地区有原始的栖息地。为什么?尽管鲑鱼的归途本能很强,但只有一小部分从海里回来的鱼(很少超过15%)会在附近的溪流中游荡和产卵。低走失率是至关重要的,因为这一过程提供了一个新的基因来源和一种机制,通过这种机制,一个地方可以在鱼消失后重新繁殖。然而,高的走失率可能是有问题的,因为被误导的鱼可能与现有的种群杂交,导致现有的当地适应性被稀释。当环境状况稳定时,走失率相对较低,但当河溪受到严重干扰时,走失率会大幅上升。例如,1980年圣海伦斯火山爆发,将泥浆和碎片送入哥伦比亚河的几条支流。在接下来的几年里,从海里回来产卵的虹鳟(鲑鱼中的一种)被迫寻找替代的溪流。结果,他们的走失率从最初的16%上升到40%以上。

虽然没有人能够量化由于人类的干扰而造成的走失率的变化,但我们没有理由怀疑,这种影响在质量上与圣海伦火山爆发后的情况不同。从受损区域到更原始的河流的这种戏剧性的变化导致了大量的基因流动,这反过来又会降低后代的整体健康。


13. The primary purpose of the passage is to


(A) argue against a conventional explanation for the extinction of certain salmon populations and suggest an alternative

(B) correct a common misunderstanding about the behavior of salmon in response to environmental degradation caused by human activity

(C) compare the effects of human activity on salmon populations with the effects of natural disturbances on salmon populations

(D) differentiate the particular effects of various human activities on salmon habitats

(E) describe how environmental degradation can cause changes in salmon populations that extend beyond a numerical reduction


解析

13.文章的主旨是:

A. 反对一个对于鲑鱼灭绝的传统解释,然后给出一个新解释:文章没有针对鲑鱼灭绝给出新解释。

B. 纠正一个关于鲑鱼对人类活动造成的环境退化做出反应的常见误解:原文没有“误解”。

C. 比较人类活动对鲑鱼种群的影响和自然干扰对鲑鱼种群的影响:文章的重点并不是比较“人为”和“自然”对鲑鱼的影响。

D. 区分各种人类活动对鲑鱼栖息地的特殊影响:文章只在一开始列举了一些人类活动,但整篇并不是区分这些活动对鲑鱼的影响。

E. 正确。描述除了数量上的减少,环境恶化是如何导致鲑鱼种群的变化:文章描写了环境恶化对鲑鱼的影响不仅仅局限于数量,还有对基因多样性等等的影响。


14. It can be inferred from the passage that the occasional failure of some salmon to return to their natal streams in order to spawn provides a mechanism by which


(A) pristine streams that are near polluted streams become polluted themselves

(B) the particular adaptations of a polluted streams salmon population can be preserved without dilution

(C) the number of salmon in pristine habitats decreases relative to the number in polluted streams

(D) an environmentally degraded stream could be recolonized by new salmon populations should the stream recover

(E) the extinction of the salmon populations that spawn in polluted streams is accelerated


解析

14.根据文章可以推断,鲑鱼偶尔没能回到原本的溪流中去产卵,这种行为提供了一种机制。通过这种机制:

定位:... mechanism by which a location can be repopulates should the fish there disappear. 通过这种机制,一个地方可以在鱼消失后重新繁殖。这句话说明,低走失率可以让一个溪流在恢复后重新让鱼定居。此题不做选项分析,可以定位到这句话并理解即可解题。

A. 靠近被污染河流的原始河流本身也被污染了。

B. 受污染河流中的鲑鱼种群的特殊适应性可以在不稀释的情况下保存下来。

C. 原始栖息地的鲑鱼数量相对于受污染河流的数量有所减少。

D. 正确。如果环境退化的河流恢复,新鲑鱼种群可以重新定居。

E. 在受污染的河流中产卵的鲑鱼种群的灭绝正在加速。


15. According to the passage, human activity has had which of the following effects on salmon populations?


(A) An increase in the size of salmon populations in some previously polluted rivers

(B) A decline in the number of salmon in some rivers

(C) A decrease in the number of straying salmon in some rivers

(D) A decrease in the gene flow between salmon populations that spawn in polluted streams and populations that spawn in pristine streams

(E) A decline in the vulnerability of some salmon populations to the effects of naturally occurring habitat destruction


解析

15.根据文章,人类活动对鲑鱼有哪些影响:

A. 在一些之前被污染的河中,鲑鱼数量上升:原文没提。

B. 正确。在一些河中,鲑鱼数量下降:与原文“The numerical effect is obvious: there are fewer salmon in degraded regions than in pristine ones”一致。

C. 在一些河中,走失的鱼的数量下降:原文没提。

D. 在污染河流产卵的鲑鱼种群和在原始河流产卵的鲑鱼种群之间的基因流动减少:原文只提到高走失率会增加基因流动。

E. 一些鲑鱼种群受自然发生的栖息地破坏影响的脆弱性下降:原文没提。


16. The author's argument that increased straying can “lower the overall fitness of subsequent generations” (see highlighted text) is based on which of the following assumptions?


(A) A disturbance of salmonid spawning streams caused by human activity could increase the straying rate of affected salmonid populations as much as the aftermath of the Mount Saint Helens eruption did.

(B) In the streams in which the straying salmonid spawn, these straying salmonid would amount to no more than 40 percent of the total spawning population.

(C) Salmonid in some streams benefit from particular local adaptations.

(D) Nonenvironmental factors have no effect on salmonid straying rates.

(E) At least some of the streams in which straying salmonid would spawn are pristine, affected by neither natural nor artificial disturbances.


解析

16.作者的观点“增加的走失率会降低后代的健康”是基于以下哪个假设的:

A. 由人类活动引起的鲑鱼产卵的溪流的扰动可能会增加受影响的鲑鱼走失率,其程度与圣海伦火山爆发的后果相当:人为影响和自然影响的比较是没有意义的。不管这二者的影响孰轻孰重,都不能解释走失率和后代健康的关系。

B. 在走失的鲑鱼产卵的溪流。这些走失的鲑鱼所占比例不超过40%:走失鲑鱼的具体数量是多少与降低后代健康无关。

C. 正确。某些溪流中的鲑鱼得益于当地特有的适应性:原文提到,高走失率是有问题的,因为会稀释一些适应性(Yet high rates of straying can be problematic because misdirected fish may interbreed with the existing stock to such a degree that any local adaptations that are present become diluted),那只有这些适应性对于鲑鱼来说是好的,破坏这些适应性才会对后代造成影响。如果这些适应性无关紧要,那么即使被稀释掉,对后代也没有什么坏影响。

D. 非环境因素对鲑鱼的走失率没有影响:我们只讨论“走失率”对后代健康的影响,不讨论谁导致了“走失率”。

E. 至少有一些走失鲑鱼产卵的溪流是原始的,没有受到自然或者人类的影响:无关。


17. Which of the following does the author mention as support for the view that environmental disturbances caused by human activity could increase straying rates?


(A) The existence of salmon populations in rivers where the elimination of salmon habitat by human activity had previously made the fish extinct

(B) The results of studies measuring the impact on straying rates of habitat loss caused by human activity

(C) The potential for disturbances in one environment to cause the introduction of novel genes into salmon populations in neighboring areas

(D) The weaknesses in the view that the extinction of entire salmon populations is the only mechanism by which human destruction of salmon habitat reduces genetic diversity in salmon

(E) The absence of any reason for believing that disturbances brought about by human activity would differ in their effects from comparable disturbances brought about by natural causes


解析

17.作者提到了以下哪点,作为对“人类活动引起的环境破坏会增加走失率”这一观点的支持:

A. 一些河流中鲑鱼的存在,在这些河流中,人类活动对栖息地的破坏导致鲑鱼灭绝:与“人为活动增加走失率”无关。

B. 一些研究的结果,这些研究衡量了人类活动对栖息地丧失率的影响:与“人为活动增加走失率”无关。

C. 一个环境的潜在干扰会导致邻近地区的鲑鱼种群引入新的基因:与“人为活动增加走失率”无关。

D. 认为整个鲑鱼种群的灭绝是人类破坏鲑鱼栖息地减少鲑鱼遗传多样性的唯一机制:与“人为活动增加走失率”无关。

E. 正确。没有任何理由相信人类活动所造成的干扰与自然原因所造成的类似干扰的影响不同:原文先描述了某次“自然灾害”造成走失率上升,然后提到没有理由相信人为影响与自然影响不同,以此证明人类活动也会增加走失率。


Passage 5

译文:

由于日本经济的成功和对美国工业生存能力的担忧,在过去十年里,人们对日本生产战略的兴趣激增。日本生产模型的支持者声称,这个模型用一种基于团队合作、整合任务、以及体力劳动和脑力劳动相统一的灵活生产系统取代了“Fordist / Taylorist”系统——一种强调大规模生产、组装生产线、将复杂任务分解成简单的重复性任务、以及体力劳动和脑力劳动分离的系统。他们认为,日本的制度将其劳动力视为最有价值的资源,并从最大化其工人的技能、合作和工作保留的实践中获益。然而,在批评者看来,日本模式不过是一条经过强化的装配线。他们认为,与“Fordist / Taylorist”系统相比,日本的体系使工人遭受更高水平的生产加速、监督和压力;此外,批评者声称,日本较高的生产率是由于生产的加速,而不是由于组织创新或人力资源的最大化。然而,事实上,日本模式既不像其支持者所声称的那样不可思议,也不像其批评者所认为的那样惨淡:它可能会加速生产,增加工人的压力水平,但由于日本模式如此依赖于工人的技能,它也可能会给工人更大的谈判筹码。


18. The primary purpose of the passage is to


(A) argue in favor of an innovative system of production

(B) examine the origins of certain new production strategies

(C) suggest a middle ground between divergent positions

(D) discredit an argument by exposing its underlying assumptions

(E) suggest modifications to existing production strategies


解析

18.文章的主旨是:

A. 赞成创新的生产制度:原文没有提创新生产制度的事情。

B. 研究某些新的生产策略的起源:原文没有讨论策略起源的问题,而是在评价日本的生产模型。

C. 正确。在不同的立场之间提出一个中间立场:文章前面分别陈述了支持者和反对者的观点,最后给出了作者的观点——有好有坏。

D. 通过揭露一个论点的基本假设来削弱它的可信度:文章的最终态度并不是“削弱”某个观点。

E. 对现有的生产策略提出修改建议:作者没有要修改策略的意思,只是给出自己的评价。


19. With which of the following statements about the relationship between a production system and its workers' bargaining power would the author of the passage be most likely to agree?


(A) The rate of productivity within a production system is the single best predictor of workers' ability to increase their bargaining power.

(B) Production systems that are dependent on cooperation among employees are less likely to provide workers with opportunities to increase their bargaining leverage.

(C) A low level of worker supervision within a production system is the surest indicator of the existence of significant bargaining leverage.

(D) The value placed on worker skills within a production system affects the bargaining power of its workers.

(E) A high rate of job retention within a production system is directly related to workers' high potential for gaining bargaining leverage.


解析

19.关于生产系统和工人谈判力量的关系,以下哪项是作者最有可能同意的:

定位最后一句:because the Japanese model is so dependent on their skills, it may also give workers greater bargaining leverage. 说明生产系统对工人的依赖,会增加工人的谈判筹码。

A. 生产系统内的生产率是工人提高其议价能力的唯一最佳预测指标:警惕选项中的极端词。原文没有说工人增加其筹码的“唯一”指标是什么。

B. 依赖于员工之间合作的生产系统不太可能为员工提供增加谈判筹码的机会:与原文相反。越依赖员工,员工的筹码越大。

C. 生产系统中对工人的低水平监督是工人现有的谈判筹码最可靠的指标:原文没有提监督和谈判筹码之间的关系。

D. 正确。在生产系统中,对工人技能的重视影响了工人的谈判能力:与原文相符。

E. 在生产系统中,较高的工作保留率与工人获得谈判筹码的高潜力直接相关:原文没有提工作保留率与谈判筹码的关系。


20. It can be inferred from the passage that critics of the Japanese system believe that the rates of productivity within that system are


(A) impressive but likely to decrease

(B) an indication of its failure

(C) inflated by advocates of the Japanese system

(D) mistakenly attributed to innovative organization

(E) incorrectly correlated with high levels of supervision


解析

20.可以从文章中推断,日本系统的反对者认为,此系统中的生产率是:

定位:the Japanese model is merely an aggrandized assembly line. They argue that, compared to the FordistTaylorist" system, the Japanese system subjects its workers to higher levels of production speedup, supervision, and stress; furthermore, the critics claim, higher Japanese production rates are due to production speedup, not to organizational innovation or the maximization of human resources.

A. 令人印象深刻,但可能会下降:原文没有提会不会下降的问题。

B. 失败的标志:原文没提。

C. 被日本体制的拥护者夸大了:批评者没有质疑生产率这一数据的真实性,只是在质疑此生产率所代表的意思究竟是什么。

D. 正确。错误地归因于创新组织:与原文“...not to organizational innovation or...”一致。

E. 错误地与高水平的监管联系在一起:与原文相反。批评者认为生产率确实和监督有联系。


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