真题练习 第一组

一共二十题，发现以下三组非常有意思，可以代表整个逻辑考试的常见累类型。

第一题：关于Assumption

Studies have shown that people are swayed more by communications they believe are not intended to persuade than by those they believe are. Many politicians use this to their advantage by giving the impression of impromptu speech, when in fact their rhetoric is carefully scripted. Politicians who are skilled at giving this impression are thus able to convince many otherwise resistant listeners to adopt their point of view.

Which of the following is an assumption required by the explanation above?

考察 ：Assumption

前提：因为人们更愿意相信他们认为是没有意图的东西

结论：善于编排即兴演讲的政治家更容易说服别人

Assumption题型的本质是削弱，换句话说就是找出一个可以反驳结论的解释。

相对迷惑的选项有

(A) Listeners who are most successful at resisting politicians' rhetoric are those who know that that rhetoric is scripted.

这个选项看上去非常对，但是题目中对听众的定语修饰里强调了是most successful，也就是说有fail的，那只要有听众买政治家的说辞，那就不能否定结论是错误的。 毕竟说服一个人也算是成功。

(B) Most people cannot distinguish between communications that are and are not intended to persuade.

这个选项也很有迷惑，但是我们的结论讲的是即兴演讲和说服的关系。并不是communication， 所以这个选项是一个无关的选项。

总结： 在做题的时候一定要牢记结论是什么。 跟结论无关的不要过多考虑。 此外，在削弱或者否定时，只能对结论进行处理，而题目所给的前提和背景时不能进行否定的。 也就是下面的例题

例题二：不能攻击题目的背景和条件

The government has warned of possible travel disruptions this winter because the primary chemical used to keep airport runways free of snow and ice is scarce. There are effective alternative chemicals. However, they are environmentally hazardous and thus require special exemptions from the ban on their use. So if the government issued such exemptions to cold-weather airports, travelers would not have to face the warned-of travel disruptions.

Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

背景： 机场没有足够的常用除雪剂，但是有替代品。

条件：如果政府允许使用代替品

结论：那人们的出行不会受到影响。

(A) There will be a sufficient amount of the alternative chemicals to supply all the airports that need them.

C) The government has an established policy of issuing exemptions from the alternative- chemical ban when the primary chemical is scarce.

A选项正选：因为如果没有充足的替代品，那机场还是无法正常运营，人们还是无法正常出行

B选项：政府已经制定了使用的规章制度。看上去没啥问题，但是题目给的前提信息是 if。 那B选项是直接否定了条件， 所以是错误的选项。

类似的题还有第十题关于早间政治节目的选项D， 也是直接跟题目中的条件反着来。

例题三：增长类型

In the United States, of the people who moved from one state to another when they retired, the percentage who retired to Florida has decreased by three percentage points over the past ten years. Since many local businesses in Florida cater to retirees, this decline is likely to have a noticeably negative economic effect on these businesses.

Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?

(A) Florida attracts more people who move from one state to another when they retire than does any other state.

这个题目很容易，但是A选项很迷惑，选错了一遍又一遍。错选A的理由是，错误的理解成 来佛罗里达养老的人还是很多的。 但是选项说的是佛罗里达比其他州更吸引人来养老。 这两者之间有很大的区别， 如果是每年来佛罗里达养老的人数还是增长的，那并不与文中信息相反（ percentage decrease），最好的例子就是国家GDP的增长，只要是百分比是正的，那说明数量还是在增加的（原因就在于计算公式）。但是如果是佛罗里达和其他州的比较，那就无法得知是否人数在增长。