Studies have demonstrated that only about 10 percent of buyers for many types of frequently purchased consumer goods are 100 percent loyal to a particular brand over a one-year period. Moreover, 100-percent-loyal buyers tend to be light buyers of the product or service.
1）只有10%的消费者在一年之内是100%忠实的顾客；2）忠实顾客倾向于是light buyers
Still, advocates of loyalty programs contend that such programs are beneficial because the costs of serving highly loyal customers are lower, and because such loyal customers are less price sensitive than other customers.
1) 服务的成本更低 2）对价格更不敏感
作者本身的态度出现在P3:
-I believe that the evidence of her letters supports continued respect for Nightingale's brilliance and creativity.
-In sum, although Nightingale may not have achieved all of her goals during the Crimean War, her breadth of vision and ability to realize ambitious projects have earned her an eminent place among the ranks of social pioneers.
1）肯定了南丁格尔在战后作出的贡献； 2）让步承认南丁格尔在战中没能实现全部的理想抱负
问证明The time intervals between the bursts suggest the actual Geminid stream is about 3,000 years old.的assumption是什么
这个假设必须是基于twin-peak model的；取非，如果这个twin-peak model本身就是错误的，实际情况是single-peak，那说明两次burst其实代表的是两个独立的meteor stream，而非一个。也就削弱了结论
conventional: Astronomers have hypothesized that a meteor stream should broaden with time...
computer theory: The researcher found, as expected, that the computer-model stream broadened with time
共同点就是meteor shower随着时间变宽。-> 地球穿过older meteor的时间longer than the young ones
These particles follow the same orbit as the parent comet, but due to their differing velocities they slowly gain on or fall behind the disintegrating comet until a shroud of dust surrounds the entire cometary orbit
Conventional theories, however, predicted that the distribution of particles would be increasingly dense toward the center of a meteor stream
传统理论预测这些粒子的分布将会在流星雨的中心异常集中。-> 因此在电脑模拟中只会出现唯一的一个peak，当地球正好穿梭到流星雨的中心
A recent computer-modeling experiment tested this hypothesis by tracking the influence of planetary gravitation over a projected 5,000-year period on the position of a group of hypothetical dust particles.
contrasting the reasoning of various groups concerning their positions on certain proposed legislation，对比几个组织对于一项法律提案有自己的立场的原因。A有立场a，因为……，B有立场b，因为……
presenting various groups' views of the motives of those proposing certain legislation，展现几个组织的对于法律提案的动机的观点，那就是A组织认为提案的动机是……，B组织认为是……
has been recently challenged from another direction.
我的错误思想：根据曼哈顿的阅读策略，文章的main idea就是转折后的那部分内容，在这里就是： however, Evgeny Kosminsky and other Marxist historians claimed ······→除此之外，我又觉得文章没有提到current debate，所以排除D，最终选择E。
逻辑误区分析：转折后面是main idea的意思不是那些语句，内容就是main idea，而是其表达的方向，however意味着黑死病所扮演的角色在不同时期不同的历史学家看来是不同的，那文章的主旨就是在讨论这些不同，后面文章又继续提到：This central role of the Black Deathas been recently challenged ·····→recently challenged代表了current debate。D相比E，更全面地表达了文章的主旨！
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Studies have demonstrated that only about 10 percent of buyers for many types of frequently purchased consumer goods are 100 percent loyal to a particular brand over a one-year period. Moreover, 100-percent-loyal buyers tend to be light buyers of the product or service.1）只有10%的消费者在一年之内是100%忠实的顾客；2）忠实顾客倾向于是light buyers