had important consequences ，历史研究的专业化有重要的后果，后面就讲这些历史学家这里做得不好，那里做得不好。
consequences结果，同时也表示后果，This decision could have serious consequences for the industry. 这项决定可能对该行业造成严重后果。
最后一句：女性写或者写女性的文件并没有被看成是女性的贡献。以及，自传和回忆录等特定历史变得不光彩。特定历史和普通历史被重新定义，进一步扩大了业余历史研究和专业历史研究之间的鸿沟（言下之意是专业历史研究越来越变得比业余历史研究差）。
Thus, both neurotoxins, while somewhat effective, interfere with the slugs' feeding behavior and limit their ingestion of the poison, increasing the probability that some will stop feeding before receiving a lethal dose.
增加了可能型就是一些snails会在达到一个致命剂量以前就停止进食
错选B，一定要看到文章最后一句话：there is considerable incentive for researchers to come up with better and environmentally safer solutions
P1批判现有的method，和P2指出alternative的局限都是为了引出文章最后那句话
Although correctly citing the exacting conditions needed to start or spread bubonic plague, Twigg ignores virtually a century of scholarship contradictory to his findings and employs faulty logic in his single-minded approach to the Black Death.
错选了ambivalent，几个选项里面只有dismissive是直接的负态度
attributed a silver lining to the Black Death: prosperity engendered by diminished competition for food, shelter, and work led survivors of the epidemic into the Renaissance and subsequent rise of modern Europe.
冒号后面的句子就是对a silver ring 的具体解释
In arguing that this decline of feudalism was economically determined, the Marxist asserted that the Black Death was a relatively insignificant factor.
K认为封建制度的衰落是由经济决定的，Marxist学者们认为黑死病只是其中一个次要的因素
zoologist Graham Twigg employs urban case studies suggesting that the rat population in Europe was both too sparse and insufficiently migratory to have spread plague.
Twigg通过引入城市的例子，说明老鼠的数量因为1）太过稀少；2）低效率的移动者而不足以传播plague
直接细节题：First, small firms are often the source of the kind of innovative activity that leads to technological change. Small firms generate market turbulence that creates additional dimensions of competition, and they also promote international competition through newly created niches. Finally, small firms in recent years have generated the preponderant share of new jobs.
choice a, 不是不支持，而是不足以支持
such evidence has proved inadequate to answer major questions concerning the role of small firms across various industries and nations
an alternative view has emerged in the economics literature, arguing that small firms make several important contributions to industrial markets.
P2提出了一个alternative，但同时又在P3指出这个alternative 的局限性
定位：Although the industrial union organizations that emerged under the banner of the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) in the 1930s and 1940s embraced the principles of nondiscrimination and inclusion, the role of women within unions reflected the prevailing gender ideology of the period.
尽管工会支持反歧视和包容的原则，女性在工会内的角色反应了当时流行的性别理念-> 言下之意gender ideology是歧视和排斥的
错选A：其实“E”还是认同女性的贡献的，只不过由于“gender ideology”，而很难再工会中找到政治地位。
This priority might also often lead them to be less vigilant in streamlining their services—eliminating duplication between departments, for instance.
提出duplication departments是为了举例说明如何less vigilant in streamlining service
For-profit hospital managers, for example, generally work independently of hospital owners and thus may not always make maximum financial efficiency their highest priority. 不会把最大化财务有效性作为最高的优先级
Newhouse (1970) contends that nonprofit hospital managers unnecessarily expand the quality and quantity of hospital care beyond the actual needs of the community
an alliance that advanced the cause of civil rights.促进了民权事业的联盟，advance，将……提前；cause，事业，目标
They conclude that the postwar demise of this vital alliance constituted a lost opportunity for the civil rights movement that followed the war. 他们总结道：联盟建立了一个机会为公民权。
defending all along the relatively privileged position of White workers ，捍卫白皮肤工人的特权，defend sb/sth捍卫某人，defend sb against sth，保护某人免遭某事
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had important consequences ，历史研究的专业化有重要的后果，后面就讲这些历史学家这里做得不好，那里做得不好。consequences结果，同时也表示后果，This decision could have serious consequences for the industry. 这项决定可能对该行业造成严重后果。
最后一句：女性写或者写女性的文件并没有被看成是女性的贡献。以及，自传和回忆录等特定历史变得不光彩。特定历史和普通历史被重新定义，进一步扩大了业余历史研究和专业历史研究之间的鸿沟（言下之意是专业历史研究越来越变得比业余历史研究差）。