And trees in extremely dry regions may go a year or two without adding any rings, thereby introducing uncertainties into the count
在极端干旱的环境下，树木可以一两年都不长一层年轮。因此引入了不确定性
Often, ring patterns of dead trees of different, but overlapping, ages can be correlated to provide an extended index of past climate conditions.
通常，不同年龄但是有重叠年纪的死去的树的年轮，可以被关联来提供关于过去天气情况的信息。
choice d,细读文中第一段可知，为什么定位句说用两颗树的年轮才能判断判断气候信息，是因为其实是用“非重叠”的年轮来判断气候的。
Health care costs can be managed more effectively if companies intervene in the supply side of health care delivery just as they do with other key suppliers
健康管理的成本可以被更有效得管理，如果公司像干预核心供应商一样去干预健康管理供应商
P1先反驳了 these companies have shifted health care costs to employees in the form of wage deductions or high deductibles的做法
P2提出了新方法：Health care costs can be managed more effectively if companies intervene in the supply side of health care delivery just as they do with other key suppliers
Comparable worth, on the other hand, takes as its premise that certain tasks in dissimilar jobs may require a similar amount of training, effort, and skill; may carry similar responsibility; may be carried on in an environment having a similar impact upon the worker; and may have a similar dollar value to the employer.
定位：other mandates that can be applied to reduce or eliminate unjustified pay gaps between male and female workers have not remedied perceived pay inequities satisfactorily for the litigants in cases in which men and women hold different jobs.
信息出现在case in which men and women hold different jobs-> other mandates无法解决男性和女性从事不同工作的情况下产生的收入不平等
直接细节题： In the last decade, this approach has become a critical social policy issue, as large numbers of private-sector firms and industries as well as federal, state, and local governmental entities have adopted comparable worth policies or begun to consider doing so.
the development of archival research and the critical editing of collections of documents began to reveal significant new historical evidence concerning women
The disappearance of women as objects of historical studies during this period has elements of irony to it: on one hand....., on the other hand...
从2个方面来阐述irony具体是如何表现：（1）要求忽略second-hand information；（2）揭露了很多新的信息，然而这些信息都被认为是irrelevant的
主旨句：The professionalization of the study of history in the second half of the nineteenth century, including history's transformation from a literary genre to a scientific discipline, had important consequences not only for historians' perceptions of women but also for women as historians.
对历史研究的职业化，包括从文学体裁到科学定律，具有非常重要的结果：不仅是历史学家对于女性的理解，还有对于本身就是就是历史学家的女性
pledging的修饰对象应该是project而不是initiation， DE排掉
initiated 的修饰对象不是investment，而是project，B排掉
AC的区别在于 on the Columbus Day 1992修饰谁
European arrived in the New World不可能是1992发生的，所以1992修饰的是initiated，选C
Ron: hmm, interesting. i guess that one takeaway we can get here is that, if everything else seems equal, then numerical statistics add weight to the argument.
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关于Algonquian家庭狩猎区对应怎样的财产权，以及如何演变过来的。有几个看法：
-主流观点：由和欧洲人的fur trade带来的社会演变，加上其他因素所导致的
-另外观点：在与欧洲人接触之前就存在，是私有制的体现
-更新观点：家庭个人私有制组成了更大的多家庭狩猎、土地使用系统，这个系统反应的互惠互利是违背私有制的