B千万不要想逆否命题，因果关系不要用命题！命题只是一种判断

E选项与全文主旨相悖。全文一直在强调无论在1830之前还是之后，judicial bias against patentees 都是错误的，其实是由于adherence to patent law的问题。

not until 1955 was it hypothesized—by Wigner and Eisenbud—that tunneling particles sometimes travel faster than light.

argument是scholar对于judicial attitudes toward patent 观点的转变，后面作者引用例子证明1830后仍然provided a lasting foundation for patent law.没有改变。
D选项是作者和学者都想解释的change

judges were "antipatent" and routinely invalidated patents for arbitrary reasons
作者：adherence to patent law
E选项SCHOLAR和作者都同意

这是道阅读题

原文American inventors were unable to enforce property rights
The scholars are concerned with inventors’ attempts to protect their patents, not the difficulty of acquiring a patent in the first
place

lift 抬高，解除

In Forces of Production, David Noble examines the transformation of the machine-tool industry as the industry moved from reliance on skilled artisans to automation. Noble writes from a Marxist perspective,
N研究了一个特定行业的转型，对应D选项前半句，N从马克思的角度，即an ideological point of view
C选项的全文的目的，指出N的缺陷

machine-tool指的是一个具体的东西 machine-tool指的是具体的某一个行业...不知道为啥脑子里总是觉得这个人在泛指所有行业

总感觉原文的有一句话一直读不通顺
Noble fails to substantiate this claim, although his argument is impressive when he applies the Marxist concept of “de-skilling”—the use of technology to replace skilled labor—to the automation of the machine-tool industry.

其他四个选项都不能用barrels a year修饰，比如oil只能用barrel修饰
不能用the rise in ...is 数字，可以加形容词
it's unidiomatic to say "the rise in X is SPECIFIC NUMBER". you just can't do that.
(you can say that the rise is ADJ. for instance, you can say the rise has been extremely rapid.)

B选项it无指代，of California和of them重复
百分数后面加具体名词

D选项when省略的主语应该是主句主语

B选项that number指代469,000，而D和E的as many trucks 指卡车的数量，原文没有说卡车有多少个。
by themselves" conveys the idea that the trucks came off the assembly line automatically by themselves

1）be not so much ... as ...used to say that one description of someone or something is less suitable or correct than another:
The details are not so much wrong as they are incomplete.2）not/without so much as something

it不能指代句子

which跳跃修饰，hearings复数

pefer to排除CDE
B中that修饰machines,错误