独立主格结构和其主句之间没有语法关系，也就是说，我们无从得知immobilize这件事是否讲的是the body's inflammatory response。相反地，如果是用in which widespread swelling and stiffness immobilize the injured area，那么先行词the body's inflammatory response可以在该从句中充当状语，即，widespread swelling and stiffness immobilize the injured area in the body's inflammatory response。
这题有个对比。题中有两个方法，目的都是为了控制浪费原材料，结论是第二个方法比第一个有效。
To cover the cost of salvage, the government is planning to charge a fee, which would be imposed when the appliance is first sold. Imposing the fee at the time of salvage would reduce waste more effectively
1）在卖东西的时候就收一定的费用 （first sold）
2）在扔给回收处处理的时候，收取一定的费用 (time of salvage)
结论：第二个方法比第一个方法更有效，因为客户会拿着旧东西一直不扔。
削弱：第二个方法不比第一个更有效，因为在扔的时候收费，会促使扔东西的人不去改扔的地方扔
as 是连词：in no other historical sighting 与划线部分并列
还原倒装： Halley's comet caused such a worldwide sensation in no other historical sighting as in its returning of 1910-1911
Currently, researchers collect far more background information on patients than is strictly required for their trials—substantially more than hospitals collect—thereby escalating costs of data collection, storage, and analysis.
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D to be done to be done wordy