Since 1980, productivity improvements in manufacturing have moved the United States from a position of acute decline in manufacturing to one of world prominence.
错选C：以为是他因。但如果两个的productivity improvements都是因为gains in quality的话，这个他因只能解释both service sector and manufacturing 的productivity 无法提高，但是无法削弱federal budget deficit会产生discrepancy
Like the grassy fields and old pastures....., 后句应该也是名词开头！！所以排除CDE
A：vanishing in the northeastern United States是定语，定语是修饰前面的sandpiper的，定语不是句子基本成分，去掉句子仍然完整，去掉后，就变成sandpiper is a result of ...., 逻辑意思有问题错误
A：and前面用了逗号，就把后面的部分从almost all of which的从句中分隔开了，从而变成了主句的一部分，和will have no effect平行了
be subjected to的subject是动词，意思为使臣服，使顺从；而正确的应该用形容词的subject：subject sb/sth to sth 使经受；使遭受
those of的of错误，因为要表达的不是从属关系，而是standards for sth...
How likely is it NOW that a comet/asteroid WILL STRIKE Earth?
C mentions "how likely a comet/asteroid will be". Nope. The likelihood is something that exists now, not in the future. (That's the definition of "likelihood": How probable does this event seem right now? There's no "future likelihood" here. In the future, the event either happens or doesn't happen.)
D mentions the likelihood (as measured at present) that a comet/asteroid will collide (in the future) with Earth. That makes sense.
The civil rights movement would have benefited from a postwar continuation of the wartime alliance between trade unions and the African American community
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找了半天没找到immediately prior to 1980...Since 1980, productivity improvements in manufacturing have moved the United States from a position of acute decline in manufacturing to one of world prominence.
意思就是1980之前都是acute decline-->performing relatively poorly
acute：十分严重的 very serious or severe