this kills choice (b). that choice ends with "...than they have been", which omits a participle: in other words, it's actually "...than they have been ______", where the ______ is clearly seen to be setting (dividends). since the EXACT WORD setting doesn't appear anywhere else in this sentence, the sentence is incorrect.
whenever you use a parallel structure with omitted/elided words, the EXACT omitted word(s) MUST be present, IN PARALLEL STRUCTURE, elsewhere in the sentence. this means in exactly the same form - no alterations, no tense changes, no nothing.
"the increase in X" means that X itself has increased. therefore, "the increase in the previous year" doesn't make sense, because the implication would be that the previous year itself had increased (what would that possibly mean?).
1.Rising is just an adjective that's describing the interest rates.
High interest rates, low interest rates, rising interest rates, falling interest rates.
2.You can use "make it + adj. + to do" without a subject, but only if the statement is universally true -- i.e., for everyone who might find him-/herself in the situation.
3.try to find the MAJOR ERROR first
Granted, Switzerland and the United States diverged in the degree to which the expansion of industry coincided with the degree of urbanization:的确瑞士和美国，在industrialization和urbanization成正比，不同。前面讲到了瑞士industrialization程度比美国高，后面又讲到瑞士urbanization程度低，所以推断出来美国的urbanization程度高。（找到原文定位的这句话是关键）
定位第一句话：Colonial historian David Allen's intensive study of five communities in seventeenth-century Massachusetts is a model of meticulous scholarship on the 【detailed】 microcosmic level, and is convincing up to a point【在一定程度上可信】.
The passive voice and the past participle suggest that something is done (or not done) to X. But the able/unable suggest that X does (or does not) do something.
The dancer is able to be led.
The dancer is able to follow a lead.
the second one is better
文中一开头提出了一个theory：economic development, particularly industrialization and urbanization, contributes to the growth of participatory democracy，接下来文中直接说However, the economic development theory is inadequate to explain certain historical facts about the implementation of women's suffrage.接下来分别讲了 industrialization和urbanization程度不一定和女性投票权成正比。这个中心题是直接定位的题目，注意discuss就是探讨（可能有问题的地方）而clarify是澄清，所以不应该做错！
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this kills choice (b). that choice ends with "...than they have been", which omits a participle: in other words, it's actually "...than they have been ______", where the ______ is clearly seen to be setting (dividends). since the EXACT WORD setting doesn't appear anywhere else in this sentence, the sentence is incorrect.