she was the chair for 18 years.她当了18年主席
NOW she is the former chair.现在她是前主席
she will retain the title 'former chair' in perpetuity, since it is impossible for someone to stop being 'the former _____'. thus it is nonsense to attach a finite duration (18 years) to 'the former _____'.她将永远持有前主席这个title，所以对前主席加上有限的任期是没有意义的，因为前主席的任期应该是永远，只有主席才会有任期。
Such reasoning might well be overoptimistic, however,
只是说第一个结论可能是错的，接着给出理由，为什么可能是错的。所以不能说the second gives the explanation that the argument seeks to establish.，不是establish an explanation，是questioning that support。
第一句话：
Country X’s recent stock-trading scandal should not diminish investors’ confidence in the country’s stock market.
这句话既有事实：股市丑闻打击了投资者信心，又有结论：它不应该打击到投资者的信心。
refer：cd论坛
首先应该明白discrepancy指的是什么：physicians believe that the companies’ requirements now prevent them from spending enough time with patients. Yet the average amount of time a patient spends with a physician during an office visit has actually increased somewhat over the last ten years.——医生认为时间不够，但实际上每个医生接待一个病人的时间是增长的，所以这个discrepancy就是：为什么时间增长了，医生还是觉得不够。
B很完美得解答了这个疑问：因为在诊断之前，需要考虑的因素比以前要多了，因此所需要的时间也会变多。虽然现在相对于十年前看病人的时间有所增长，但是这个时间的实际增长可能不足以满足医生对时间长度的合理需求。
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the Holstein cowHolstein cows
keep them cool
注意单复数考点