扫描二维码，直接登录
题库 / Prep2012-SC-10
Though the artifacts of pre-Columbian civilization created a stir from the very first European contacts with the New World in the sixteenth century, it was not until the latter half of the nineteenth century that Western designers, artists, and crafters were inspired to imitate them.
it was not until the latter half of the nineteenth century that Western designers, artists, and crafters were inspired to imitate them
they did not inspire imitations of Western designers, artists, and crafters until it was the latter half of the nineteenth century
not until the latter half of the nineteenth century was it that they have inspired Western designers, artists, and crafters to imitation
until the latter half of the nineteenth century Western designers, artists, and crafters have not been inspired to imitate
they were not inspirations of Western designers, artists, and crafters imitations until the latter half of the nineteenth century
题目分析：
略
选项分析：
A选项：Correct. 本选项在语法和逻辑上均是正确的。
B选项：名词短语imitations of Western designers, artists, and crafters需改为不定式短语to imitate Western designers, artists, and crafters。这点考查了不定式和名词的区别。用之于本题，由于变化成分是宾语，所以应根据其主句的约束力来决定。谓语动词inspire是“鼓励”的意思，在本句中显然约束力较强，所以应该用不定式作宾语或者宾补。另外，代词it没有指代对象（注意，代词只能指代名词，不能指代句子）。
C选项：本选项中的to imitation依然是名词短语（此时to是介词），因此，根据不定式和名词的区别，inspire的宾语的补足语依然应用不定式短语的形式，该错误同(B)。
D选项：本选项看似简洁，但其实和语境缺乏逻辑联系。inspire没有逻辑上的主语（被动语态），imitate没有宾语。这导致了整个划线部分没有出现过artifacts。直译这句话则有：
直到19世纪的晚期，设计师等人还没有被鼓励去模仿。
模仿什么呢？如果不知道模仿什么的话，那么显然地，这句话无法和语境产生转折关系。
E选项：代词they的指代对象为artifacts，这点没有问题。但是本选项是一个系表结构，提取主干则有：
They were not inspiration。
在逻辑上，工艺品们应是主动发出“鼓励”这个动作，而不能说“工艺品本身是鼓励”。例如：
(1) 老师鼓励小明好好学习。
(2) **老师是小明好好学习的鼓励。
显然地，老师也不能是鼓励，句(2)是错误的。同理，本选项也是错误的。
在GMAT中，被动句正确的形态就是：动作没有明确的发出者，只强调受体
BCE选项把 they= rtifacts of pre-Columbian civilization 作为 inspire动作的发出者，改变了句子的意思，把不是它做的动作强加给它，所以都错
错选了E，主要是考虑到对象对等。A选项中主语是it，与前面though引导的句子中的主语“the artifacts”不对等，为什么A是正确的？
until:
1. 既可以作为介词也可以作为连词，所以until后面可以接名词短语也可以接时间从句。
2. until的本质是表示“一个动作（主句动作）一直持续到某一个时间点（point of time）”。具体来说就是：until前面的主句或句子谓语必须是延续性的，而until后面接的从句的谓语须是短暂动词或接时间点。
3. 由上面第2点，我们可以推导出until的句型结构有：
1） 作为连词引导从句时的句型：主句的延续动词+until+从句的短暂动词；
2） 作为介词接名词短语的句型：延续动词+until+时间点（不是时间段）。
若主句或句子谓语动词是短暂动词，则要用否定形式，因为否定之后表示的是一个状态，而状态是延续的，这就是我们常说的“not...until（直到……才……）”的结构.
只需把until后面的所有成分提到句首，便有了Until..., not结构。请看例句：
15 Until he saw his mother, the little boy didn't smile.
16 Until recently, the exact time of dying was not of great importance.
until...no同样要译成“直到……才……”。
只需要把否定词not提到句首，置于until前面，于是便有了“not until..., 谓语助动词+主语+谓语动词”的结构。也就是说，此时主句要采用部分倒装结构，即将主句谓语的助动词提到主语前面，谓语动词仍放在主语后面。请看例句：
20 Not until he saw his mother did the little boy smile.
在not until倒装结构中，需部分倒装的是主句中的谓语动词，而非从句中的谓语动词。
“not until..., 谓语助动词+主语+谓语动词”的基础上变化过来的，即是由结构三与强调结构It was...that复合而成，于是便有了“It was not until+时间从句或短语+that+主句部分”的结构。请看例句：
22 It was not until he saw his mother that the little boy smiled.
在强调句型中，主从句都不采用倒装结构。
B． they指代artifacts。主句的主干为：they（artifacts） did not inspire imitations，意为“工艺品没有鼓励模仿”。逻辑上，工艺品只能是被模仿的对象，不能主动发出鼓励模仿这个动作。
1. 工艺品应为模仿的对象，而不是去鼓励模仿，所以BC错
2. E 系表结构，工艺品是鼓励 错
3. D imitate 后没有宾语，模仿谁
Though the 【artifacts】 of pre-Columbian civilization created a stir from the very first European contacts with the New World in the sixteenth century,
it was not until the latter half of the nineteenth century that Western designers, artists, and crafters were inspired to imitate 【them】.（√）
尽管前哥伦布文明的文物在 16 世纪欧洲与新大陆的第一次接触中引起了轰动，
但直到 19 世纪下半叶，西方设计师、艺术家和工匠才受到启发去模仿它们 .
D选项：imitate没有宾语。
until the latter half of the nineteenth century Western designers, artists, and crafters have not been inspired to imitate.（×）
Split#1：inspire to do，去掉选项B、C、E
Split#2：Can't use "have inspired" for something that happened at a distinct point over 150 years ago，去掉选项D
补充一个Ron写的关于时态的点： In C, you forgot what may be the most straightforward means of elimination -- namely, verb tense. (Can't use "have inspired" for something that happened at a distinct point over 150 years ago.)
b选项漏看了it
The non-referent "it" doesn't have to appear strictly at the beginning of a sentence, but it must be followed by a clause that clarifies it.
"imitations of designers and crafters" this would mean that someone was trying to copy/imitate these people (as opposed to copying/imitating the artifacts, which is clearly what the sentence is supposed to mean).
you can "inspire" people to do things.
• you can also "inspire" the processes carried out by those people (e.g., The low-carb diet craze has inspired the founding of hundreds of new restaurants and specialty food stores).
• you cannot, however, "inspire" an inanimate object.
名词/ing 和不定式的区别 变化成分是宾补时 看谓语动词的约束能力
imitations of designers and crafters表示针对这些人的模仿，模仿这些人；应该用designers' and crafters' imitations
C，not until 19th, they have inspired时态错误。改为had inspired或inspired
until表示在……之前动作的持续。直到过去，用过去完成时或过去时；直到现在用现在完成时或现在时；直到未来用一般现在时或现在时。如：
They moved here in 2002, Until then they'd always been in the London area.
He continued working up until his death.
Until now I have always lived alone.
Let's wait until the rain stops.
You're not going out until you've finished this.
A，though句引导工艺品搅起风潮，主句是否逻辑合理，取决于主句有没有动作与从句主语“工艺品”的转折的逻辑关系表达出来。西方设计者模仿他们直到19世纪后期，“工艺品”作主句宾语，逻辑明确，ok。
A与B的差异是B里鼓励的动作发起者是工艺品：“工艺品鼓励设计者去模仿”。严格来说，是工艺品受欢迎这件事激起了设计者想通过模仿它们去获得自己想要的东西，所以模仿没有动作发起者会更好。
until既可以做介词也可以做连词，既可以接名词也可以接句子
inspire，可以人鼓励也可以物/事情鼓励，如：The actors inspired the kids.; His superb play inspired the team.
A，it是形式主语。“匠人们没有被鼓励去模仿这些工艺品尽管它们搅起了风潮。”though引导的状语主语和主句主语不一致的逻辑正如“我明天不出去玩，尽管它不下雨。”
B，imitation没有指出是模仿那些工艺品；“对……的模仿”用“imitation of sth/sb”
C/D同B
E，不能说工艺品是个模仿
D选项没有宾语理解了，但不太明白have been inspired时态是否有问题呢
prep
it was not until the latter half, 不一定用they
其实E的用词非常的不好
E 名词形式语义错误
D 没有模仿对象
BC 要用不定式inspire约束力强