Maps made by non-Native Americans to depict Native American land tenure, resources, and population distributions appeared almost as early as Europeans' first encounters with Native Americans and took many forms: missionaries' field sketches, explorers' drawings, and surveyors' maps, as well as maps rendered in connection with treaties involving land transfers. Most existing maps of Native American lands are reconstructions that are based largely on archaeology, oral reports, and evidence gathered from observers' accounts in letters, diaries, and official reports; accordingly, the accuracy of these maps is especially dependent on the mapmakers' own interpretive abilities.
Many existing maps also reflect the 150-year role of the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) in administering tribal lands. Though these maps incorporate some information gleaned directly from Native Americans, rarely has Native American cartography contributed to this official record, which has been compiled, surveyed, and authenticated by non-Native Americans. Thus our current cartographic record relating to Native American tribes and their migrations and cultural features, as well as territoriality and contemporary trust lands, reflects the origins of the data, the mixed purposes for which the maps have been prepared, and changes both in United States government policy and in non-Native Americans' attitudes toward an understanding of Native Americans.
The passage mentions each of the following as a factor affecting current maps of Native American lands EXCEPT
United States government policy
non-Native Americans' perspectives on Native Americans
origins of the information utilized to produce the maps
changes in the ways that tribal lands are used
the reasons for producing the maps
题目分析:
题目释义:
细节题目
考点:
支持主题(Supporting ideas)
旨在考察我们对文章细节的认知
这个题目定位在文章的最后一句话。
选项分析:
A选项:美国的政府政策。定位在“changes both in United States government policy”。
B选项:非本地美国人对当地美国人的看法。定位在“and in non-Native Americans' attitudes toward an understanding of Native Americans.”
C选项:制造地图的信息来源。定位在“reflects the origins of the data”
D选项:Correct. 土著地区改变的方法。文中没有提到这条信息。
E选项:制造地图的原因。定位在“, the mixed purposes for which the maps have been prepared”。
细节,考察文章成分理解 tribe只是被记录的,没有说因为tribe影响了map
虽然出现过的因素,但回答的问题是否符合题干的需要,此外,讲得方面是否与原文相符。
第一段讲过去的印第安人地图是如何被绘制的--通过二手资料,有哪些形式。
第二段讲地图的绘制几乎没有印第安人的直接参与,因此这些地图反映了殖民者对土著的土地政策和态度。这些地图也反映了数据的起源(联系第一段的地图的base:档案、口头报告、信件、日记、政府报告等)和制图的目的(联系第一段的地图的形式:传教士画的地图、探险者的地图、土地转让画的地图等),没有提到印第安人对土地使用方式的改变,只有一个transfer土地转让的条款绘制的地图和殖民者建立专门的机构对管理印第安人的土地。
直接细节题:Thus our current cartographic record relating to Native American tribes and their migrations and cultural features, as well as territoriality and contemporary trust lands, reflects the origins of the data, the mixed purposes for which the maps have been prepared, and changes both in United States government policy and in non-Native Americans' attitudes toward an understanding of Native Americans.
administering tribal lands 而不是change