Ancient hunter-gatherers developed instincts that stigmatized selfishness, and voluntary cooperation was encouraged as well, whether it be within the group or also with outsiders.
selfishness, and voluntary cooperation was encouraged as well, whether it be within the group or
selfishness, encouraging voluntary cooperation as well, both within the group but
selfishness and also encouraging voluntary cooperation, within the group and
selfishness and they encouraged voluntary cooperation, whether it be within the group or
selfishness and encouraged voluntary cooperation, not only within the group but
A. it 指代 Ancient hunter-gatherers 不正确,排除;
B.both.. but 没有这样的搭配,排除;
C.encouraging 和前面的动词不平行;
D.同A
1、both and固定搭配,杀B;为了使没划线的also在平行结构中,ABD其实都不好了,C and+also也尴尬
2、and前后并列,杀C
3、they指代不清(instincts?hunter-gatherers?)杀D
3、由A(原句),stigmatized 污名化和encourage应该是并列的,encouraging……as well既不是结果状语,也不能是伴随状语(修饰前面)
4、A中,and前后主语不平行
1、both and固定搭配,杀B;为了使没划线的also在平行结构中,ABD其实都不好了,C and+also也尴尬
2、and前后并列,杀C
3、they指代不清(instincts?hunter-gatherers?)杀D
3、由A(原句),stigmatized 污名化和encourage应该是并列的,encouraging……as well既不是结果状语,也不能是伴随状语(修饰前面)
考点: 平行对称(Parallelism)、简洁有效(Rhetorical Construction)、指代一致(Agreement)
1) not only…but also…连接的对象一定要平行
2) 主动语态优于被动语态
3) 并列句主语相同,应该省略重复的主语.
(A) 使用被动语态(was encouraged…),增加句子的复杂性;whether开头的结构笨拙复杂,且it没有可以指代的对象.
(B) –ing结构encouraging…作为stigmatized selfness的伴随成分,而从句子的逻辑意思上看,该成分应该跟stigmatized并列;both…but also结构不符合习惯用法.应该改为not only…but also或者both…and结构
(C) also encouraging和stigmatized不平行
(D) 并列句主句相同,they应该省略;如果一定要用they的话,and前面必须用逗号隔开,构成一个新的句子;whether…or also结构笨拙复杂,且it没有可以指代的对象
(E) 正确, encouraged同developed构成并列谓语;not only…but also符合习惯用法
句子结构: Ancient hunter-gatherers developed instincts that stigmatized…, and encouraged…, not only with…but also with…
instinct本能
语义重要
A:it指代hunter-gatherers,单复数不一致
B: both…but also错误
C:also encouraging和stigmatized不平行
D:and前要加逗号;it指代错误
两个动词短语可以平行
根据意思,instinct做了两件事情: stigmatized selfishness和encouraged cooperation
D: encourage后面跟状语从句,但是whether..or..表示‘或者,或者’的意思。而此处应该是‘不但,而且’的并列关系。
E: 正确。not only..but also做encourage的状语。
not only...but also 句子结构