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题库 / GMATLA-SC-101
Until a few centuries ago, any large bones discovered in the fields or caves of Europe, now known to be large prehistoric animals, were usually assumed to be the remains of giants and were often displayed as curiosities in castles, palaces, town halls, churches, and monasteries.
now known to be large prehistoric animals, were usually assumed to be
presently known as from large prehistoric animals, were usually assumed as
bones now known to be those of large prehistoric animals, were usually assumed to be
bones known at present as of large prehistoric animals, were usually assumed as those of
currently known as those of large prehistoric animals, were usually assumed to be those of
题目分析：
略。
选项分析：
选项A：过去分词短语now known to be large prehistoric animals做定语（请注意，过去分词表达的是其和逻辑主语之间的被动关系，而不是时间，所以和now并不冲突），其必须满足就近修饰原则，其最近的词是欧洲（Europe）。在逻辑上，真正被认为是大型的上古时期动物的是应该是某个骨头，而不是欧洲。另外，骨头（any large bones）不会被认为是大型动物，而只能被认为是大型动物的“骨头”，即，known to be large prehistoric animals需改为known to be those of large prehistoric animals。
选项B：known as from large prehistoric animals和assumed as the remains of giants需要改为known to be from large prehistoric animals和assumed to be the remains of giants。这点考查了名词和不定式的区别（as是在本选项中是介词，身后必须加名词）。用之于本题，由于know和assume均属于看法类动词，其被动语态下的约束力较强，所以其宾语的补足语应用不定式的形式。
选项C：Correct. 本选项在语法和逻辑上均是正确的。bones now known to be those of large prehistoric animals是any large bones的同位语。
选项D：known as应改为known to be错误同(B)；assumed as s应改为assumed to be错误同(B)。另外，代词those of是不该出现的。这是因为，those的指代对象为bones，但在逻辑上，“骨头被认为是遗迹”已经是正确的表达了，不用再说“骨头被认为是骨头的遗迹”了。
选项E：known修饰错误同选项(A)；known as错误同选项(B)。
be known as真的有错吗？
Manhattan上面写了:
RIGHT: we know her to be brilliant. She is known to be brilliant.
we know him as "Reggie". He is known as "Reggie".
Wrong: we know her as brilliant. (know as=named)
所以know as的用法没错，只是后面不能加介词，只能是名词吧。和约束力啥的感觉没什么关系。
E不是known as错了，而是没有bones这个同位语先行词。
这个约束力的说法 真的迷惑 很多解释还是ron说的比较好
那B选项怎么解释呢
B也是就近修饰的问题啊，known就近修饰cave或者Europe
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