The United States petroleum industry's cost to meet environmental regulations is projected at ten percent of the price per barrel of refined petroleum by the end of the decade.
The United States petroleum industry's cost to meet environmental regulations is projected at ten percent of the price per barrel of refined petroleum by the end of the decade.
It is estimated that by the end of the decade the cost to the United States petroleum industry of meeting environmental regulations will be ten percent of the price per barrel of refined petroleum.
By the end of the decade, the United States petroleum industry's cost of meeting environmental regulations is projected at ten percent of the price per barrel of refined petroleum.
To meet environmental regulations, the cost to the United States petroleum industry is estimated at ten percent of the price per barrel of refined petroleum by the end of the decade.
The United States petroleum industry's cost by the end of the decade to meet environmental regulations is estimated at ten percent of the price per barrel of refined petroleum.
题目分析:
略。
选项分析:
A选项:本选项具有较强的干扰性。考点的位置出现在cost的定语to meet environmental regulations。在讲清这个考点之前,请允许我先讲清这个选项没犯错误的地方。
首先,用不定式to meet environmental regulations作cost的定语是没有问题的(这个不定式反而不应该修饰industry,因为,我们常说,达到环境标准所花费的成本),不定式中的meet的逻辑主语并非一定要是它的先行词。英语中,不定式作定语时,先行词和其的关系可以是最常见的主谓关系,例如:
We need someone to help with my gmat. (someone will help).
也可以是动宾关系或同位关系,例如:
I have many letters to write. (to write letters)(动宾关系)
We have made a plan to learn from Mary. (此时不定式和plan是一回事,两者是同位关系)
本选项中,先行词cost和定语to meet environmental regulations属于同位关系。
其次,在所有格的表达中,一般地,当人是物主时,用’s或of,物是物主时,用of。例如: 我们通常不说,table’s legs,而说,legs of table。但是,本选项中给出的物主是the United States petroleum industry,这个词我们可以认为是物,也可以认为是一种拟人化的说法,表示这个工业的人们,因此,本选项中用了’s来表示所有格,不能认为是错误的。
那么,这个选项究竟在何处出错了呢?实际上,虽然cost to do和cost of doing在语法上都是正确的,但是在不同的语境下,我们会用不同的写法。本题中这点考查了不定式和ing的区别。用之于本题,主句“石油工业达到环保标准的价格被预期为10分/桶”不直接影响“达到环保标准”这件事的发生与否(是否预期了达到环保成本的价格,不代表日后就会达到环保成本,也不会对“达到环保成本”这件事有什么影响)。因此,本题只能用of doing做cost的定语。
B选项:Correct. 本选项在语法和逻辑上均是正确的。of meeting environmental regulations可以跳过to the United States petroleum industry而修饰cost。
C选项:本选项的by the end of the decade是状语,依就近修饰原则,其会修饰动词is projected。但是,在逻辑上,is projected(预估)发生的时间应该是现在,而真正到年末才会发生的应该是成本上涨这件事。
D选项:to meet environmental regulations在本选项中由于位置处于句首,并且同其主句见用逗号隔开,因此其是主句的状语(目的状语)。但显然地,估计(is estimated)的目的肯定不是达到环保标准。
E选项:不定式短语to meet environmental regulations错误同(A)。
引用:
对于estimate的用法,简单地讲:当age,cost,price,等为主语, 比如The price of the gadget is estimated at 10 $,这里The price of the gadget是The gadget的属性,可以用at/to be都行;如果属性的本体作主语——The gadget is estimated to be 10$,则只能用to be.
小结一下:属性作主语,则用estimate to/at都可以;本体做主语,则只能用estimate to-------> From CD
同时如果是一个范围,也就是10% less than这样的,只能用to be,不能用at,感觉at后面必须接某一个确定的数词
因为曼哈顿SC认为she estimates the cost to be 10% less than it was last year. 正确
she estimates the cost at 10% less than it was last year. 错误
但是看了朗文的词典,感觉接受度更高的还是estimate to be
这题就是比较主干 - ACDE 都是cost is projected, 但其实是cost达到xxx 被projected, 只有B主干是cost达到xxx 这件事情被projected
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