Male bowerbirds construct elaborately decorated nests, or bowers. Basing their judgment on the fact that different local populations of bowerbirds of the same species build bowers that exhibit different building and decorative styles, researchers have concluded that the bowerbirds' building styles are a culturally acquired, rather than a genetically transmitted, trait.
Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen the conclusion drawn by the researchers?
There are more common characteristics than there are differences among the bower-building styles of the local bowerbird population that has been studied most extensively.
Young male bowerbirds are inept at bower-building and apparently spend years watching their elders before becoming accomplished in the local bower style.
The bowers of one species of bowerbird lack the towers and ornamentation characteristic of the bowers of most other species of bowerbird.
Bowerbirds are found only in New Guinea and Australia, where local populations of the birds apparently seldom have contact with one another.
It is well known that the song dialects of some songbirds are learned rather than transmitted genetically.
果因推理?
果:male bird筑巢,
因:文化形成(后天学习),不是遗传。
加强:削弱遗传的可能性(指出反例),加强后天学习的情况(B)
⚠️一种雄性鸟会建筑一种特别的巢穴,并且同一物种的不同地方建筑的风格都不一样;科学家推断这不是由于先天性的,而是文化熏陶的,问加强
a 被研究的当地鸟的population的相同点比不同点多(无关)
b 雄性鸟是看了长辈很久以后才学会的这种筑巢方式(保留,提到了是后天学习)
c 某一种鸟和大多数的鸟建筑风格不相同(虽然看上去好像有理,但是某一种是哪种?大多数都是一样的反而支持了是先天性的,不选)
d 这种鸟只在那里和那里发了,并且他们很少交流(没有交流,风格又不一样,有可能是基因,又有可能是文化,说不清,不选)
e 无关选项
注意,一定要看到这个重点“culturally acquired“ 这个表明是文化熏陶,文化习得的。关键是”习得“而”文化“是用来修饰”习得“的。看到”习得“很自然就选B
因果
∵同种类,不同群的localB鸟建的窝不一样
∴B鸟的建筑风格后天习得,而非基因(遗传)特点
加强因果链条
A、localB鸟建筑风格相似之处比不同多,无关,甚至反原文
B、年轻的B鸟在形成风格前,经常看年长的B鸟,证明是学来的,CORRECT
C、B鸟的一个小种类的bower和其他种类的不一样,无关
D、local的B鸟之间联系少,削弱
E、S鸟通过学习而非基因遗传唱歌,无关
the bowerbirds' building styles are a culturally acquired, rather than a genetically transmitted, trait.
是学习的而不是遗传的! B说花几年看年长的做,证明了他们是后天学习而来的。
genetically 不是 generally...
一个字看错,整道题都错........genetically 看成general了......直接理解成“鸟建巢不是学习一种统一的风格而是根据环境变化””,其实应该是“鸟不是遗传会建巢,而是后天学习“
+1!看了你的评论才发现自己也看错了...
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不同的装饰风格来自于不同的文化,而不是来自于遗传。题目问加强,选B,年轻的鸟观察了很久年长的鸟,才学会筑巢,如果是遗传自带的话,就不用观察了,一下子就会了。选项C答非所问,缺少相关元素并不能说明该装饰风格来自于文化。
只有B是和核心问题【是不是acquire的】直接相关
Young male bowerbirds are inept at bower-building and apparently spend years watching their elders before becoming accomplished in the local bower style.年轻的雄性b鸟不能建巢,花很多年看长者直到能建成当地风格的巢。我还以为在讲年轻雄性不建巢专门负责照顾小孩嘞,完全是自己YY啊~~
inept,不能够,笨拙地
elders,长者
P:因为同一品种但是不同地方的 bowerbirds筑的巢呈现不同的建筑和装修风格-> C:研究人认为筑巢是通过文化习得的,不是基因携带的能力
choice b, 年轻的鸟对于筑巢很笨拙,它们会花几年的时间观察年老的鸟直到精于筑巢
choice c, 一种bowerbirds缺少其他大部分品种的bowerbirds所特有的tower等特征-> weaken, 说明有可能筑巢能力就是基因携带的
choice d, bowerbirds只在某地被发现,当地鸟很少和另一只鸟接触-> weaken
choice e, songbirds 学习唱歌通过基因传递。irrelevant,无法保证songbird和Bowerbirds可以类比
gwd:通过有关无关来判断,直接杀
纯粹是读题不仔细看!!
CQ1 增加因果的联系
不认识inept完全没办法做题。
不认识不影响做题
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’‘ Straight B. If bowerbuilding is learnt by observing elders it has to be cultural.
D does not say anything about the styles of the local populations...’‘
A,不知道所说的local bowerbird是不是same specie, 如果是的话,可能也是因为genetic的原因导致building style相似点很多;不是的same specie的话,才可能说明是local culture的原因。
B,inept笨拙的,accomplished 熟练的,说明是在acquire的一个过程。
这道题是因果推理吗?
A The greater number of similarities than differences in style in one population could be attributed
to either cultural acquisition or genetic transmission, so the conclusion is not strengthened.
B Correct. Compared with the other options, this information provides the most additional
support for the researchers’ conclusion.