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题库 / OG2016-RC-40
Manufacturers have to do more than build large manufacturing plants to realize economies of scale. It is true that as the capacity of a manufacturing operation rises, costs per unit of output fall as plant size approaches "minimum efficient scale," where the cost per unit of output reaches a minimum, determined roughly by the state of existing technology and size of the potential market. However, minimum efficient scale cannot be fully realized unless a steady "throughput" (the flow of materials through a plant) is attained. The throughput needed to maintain the optimal scale of production requires careful coordination not only of the flow of goods through the production process, but also of the flow of input from suppliers and the flow of output to wholesalers and final consumers. If throughput falls below a critical point, unit costs rise sharply and profits disappear. A manufacturer's fixed costs and "sunk costs" (original capital investment in the physical plant) do not decrease when production declines due to inadequate supplies of raw materials, problems on the factory floor, or inefficient sales networks. Consequently, potential economies of scale are based on the physical and engineering characteristics of the production facilities—that is, on tangible capital—but realized economies of scale are operational and organizational, and depend on knowledge, skills, experience, and teamwork—that is, on organized human capabilities, or intangible capital.
The importance of investing in intangible capital becomes obvious when one looks at what happens in new capital-intensive manufacturing industries. Such industries are quickly dominated, not by the first firms to acquire technologically sophisticated plants of theoretically optimal size, but rather by the first to exploit the full potential of such plants. Once some firms achieve this, a market becomes extremely hard to enter. Challengers must construct comparable plants and do so after the first movers have already worked out problems with suppliers or with new production processes. Challengers must create distribution networks and marketing systems in markets where first movers have all the contacts and know-how. And challengers must recruit management teams to compete with those that have already mastered these functional and strategic activities.
The passage LEAST supports the inference that a manufacturer's throughput could be adversely affected by
a mistake in judgment regarding the selection of a wholesaler
a breakdown in the factory's machinery
a labor dispute on the factory floor
an increase in the cost per unit of output
a drop in the efficiency of the sales network
题目分析：
文章细节题：反向影响throughput的因素中，没有哪个？
原文：理想的throughput不仅仅需要协调生产过程中的产品，也需要协调供应商、经销商和终端客户……原材料不足、工厂问题以及低效率的销售会导致生产下降。
选项分析：
A选项：在选经销商时出现失误。
B选项：工厂机器坏了。
C选项：劳资矛盾。
D选项：正确。每单位的成本增加：文章只讲了throughput的变化会影响每单位的成功，但没有讲每单位的成本对throughput的影响。
E选项：销售的效率下降。
定位在If throughput falls below a critical point, unit costs rise sharply and profits disappear.，因果倒置。
又是一个正推可以反推有误的题，正推正确不一定反推就正确，这是最典型的错误点。
A/B/C/E选项："The throughput needed to maintain the optimal scale of production requires careful coordination not only of the flow of goods through the production process(B)(C), but also of the flow of input from suppliers and the flow of output to wholesalers(A) (E)and final consumers."
D选项：a manufacturer's throughput could be adversely affected by unit costs rise sharply VS. 文中： If throughput falls below a critical point, unit costs rise sharply ；前者说throughput被cost影响，后者说throughput会影响cost，因果方向相反
rc
因果倒置，影响方向相反
问的是throughput被什么影响的最少LEAST，注意大写词，不要漏看
高清被动，逻辑关系，到底谁影响谁
a manufacturer's throughput could be adversely affected by unit costs rise sharply VS. 文中： If throughput falls below a critical point, unit costs rise sharply ；前者说th被cost影响，后者说th会影响cost，方向相反
rc
因果倒置，影响方向相反
问的是throughput被什么影响的最少LEAST，注意大写词，不要漏看
a manufacturer's throughput could be adversely affected by unit costs rise sharply VS. 文中： If throughput falls below a critical point, unit costs rise sharply ；前者说th被cost影响，后者说th会影响cost，方向相反
看清楚问题
If throughput falls below a critical point, unit costs rise sharply and profits disappear. 因果倒置
Throughput影响cost 而不是 cost影响throughput
The passage LEAST supports ------没有支持，最不支持
the least=except=最不能 下面哪一项最不能影响产量：
adversely 不利的， adversely impact 不利的影响。
d因果倒置
The throughput needed to maintain the optimal scale of production requires careful coordination not only of the flow of goods through the production process(B)(C), but also of the flow of input from suppliers and the flow of output to wholesalers(A) (E)and final consumers.
影响throughput的是producing process，supplier和consumer
被throughput影响的才是cost
A（批发商选择的判断错误）
B（工厂机器故障）
C（一个在车间争论的工人,属于生产过程）
D（单位产出成本的增加）文章只说了T的变化会影响成本，但没有说单位成本影响T
E（销售网络效率的下降）
：If throughput falls below a critical point, unit costs rise sharply and profits disappear. 因果倒置
定位：If throughput falls below a critical point, unit costs rise sharply and profits disappear.
throughput如果低于标准点，单位成本会急剧上升。可知，是T引起了成本上升或下滑，是成本受T影响，不是T受到成本影响。而题目问的是T 最不受 什么影响。 affected by体现了题目的逻辑关系。the least=except=最不能 下面哪一项最不能影响产量：
D 因果倒置
an increase in the cost per unit of output是果，throughput falls below a critical point是因
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inadequate supplies of raw materials, problems on the factory floor, or inefficient sales networks
应该是三个flow，定位错误
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key word = 'throughout' ，关注在flow of goods 而不是'production efficiency of goods' 所谓的 on tangible capital的部分。又忽略了关键词。
the least=except=最不能 下面哪一项最不能影响产量：
D 因果倒置
an increase in the cost per unit of output是果，throughput falls below a critical point是因
这道题OG官方解释比较牵强，比较容易的理解是（假设不认识throughput这个词）
定位：If throughput falls below a critical point, unit costs rise sharply and profits disappear.
throughput如果低于标准点，单位成本会急剧上升。可知，是T引起了成本上升或下滑，是成本受T影响，不是T受到成本影响。而题目问的是T 最不受 什么影响。 affected by体现了题目的逻辑关系。
least support，这一题问的是没有影响的而不是有影响的
labor dispute 罢工