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题库 / OG2016-RC-124
Jon Clark's study of the effect of the modernization of a telephone exchange on exchange maintenance work and workers is a solid contribution to a debate that encompasses two lively issues in the history and sociology of technology: technological determinism and social constructivism.
Clark makes the point that the characteristics of a technology have a decisive influence on job skills and work organization. Put more strongly, technology can be a primary determinant of social and managerial organization. Clark believes this possibility has been obscured by the recent sociological fashion, exemplified by Braverman's analysis, that emphasizes the way machinery reflects social choices. For Braverman, the shape of a technological system is subordinate to the manager's desire to wrest control of the labor process from the workers. Technological change is construed as the outcome of negotiations among interested parties who seek to incorporate their own interests into the design and configuration of the machinery. This position represents the new mainstream called social constructivism.
The constructivists gain acceptance by misrepresenting technological determinism: technological determinists are supposed tobelieve, for example, that machinery imposes appropriate forms of order on society. The alternative to constructivism, in other words, is to view technology as existing outside society, capable of directly influencing skills and work organization.
Clark refutes the extremes of the constructivists by both theoretical and empirical arguments. Theoretically he defines "technology" in terms of relationships between social and technical variables. Attempts to reduce the meaning of technology to cold, hard metal are bound to fail, for machinery is just scrap unless it is organized functionally and supported by appropriate systems of operation and maintenance. At the empirical level Clark shows how a change at the telephone exchange from maintenance-intensive electromechanical switches to semielectronic switching systems altered work tasks, skills, training opportunities, administration, and organization of workers. Some changes Clark attributes to the particular way management and labor unions negotiated the introduction of the technology, whereas others are seen as arising from the capabilities and nature of the technology itself. Thus Clark helps answer the question: "When is social choice decisive and when are the concrete characteristics of technology more important?"
Which of the following most accurately describes Clark's opinion of Braverman's position?
He respects its wide-ranging popularity.
He disapproves of its misplaced emphasis on the influence of managers.
He admires the consideration it gives to the attitudes of the workers affected.
He is concerned about its potential to impede the implementation of new technologies.
He is sympathetic to its concern about the impact of modern technology on workers.
此讲解的内容由AI生成，还未经人工审阅，仅供参考。
正确答案是 B。Clark 对 Braverman 的态度是不赞同，他认为 Braverman 在分析中强调了管理者的影响过多，而忽视了科技本身能够直接影响技能和工作组织的可能性。
JC认为technology决定了social and managerial organization，而B认为technology隶属于manager's desire
根据态度和细节排除CDE，A说的是尊重，不符合C的态度，排除。
选项理解：
He respects its wide-ranging popularity. 他尊重它广泛的传播程度。文章有写C认为S是主流，他承认S被广泛接纳，但他并不尊重这种广泛接纳，他认为S是错的。
C认为S的观点是是管理层为了控制工人、政党为了捞取利益才选择了新技术，所以B选项，他反对S错误地强调管理层的作业，正确；C选项，他尊重S考虑到了受影响工人的态度。最后一段写C认为部分新技术是由工人和管理层谈判引发的，但这个观点是技术决定论的观点，不是社会决定论的观点。S的观点还是是管理层和政党选择了新技术。C错误。
For Braverman, the shape of a technological system is subordinate to the manager's desire to wrest control of the labor process from the workers. Technological change is construed as the outcome of negotiations among interested parties who seek to incorporate their own interests into the design and configuration of the machinery.
对Braveman来说，科技是经理想要对工人施加控制的一种手段。科技改革是想要将自己的利益和机器设计、配置结合起来的几个利益方商议以后的结果
错误原因：没有认真transfer原文和选项： 错选D：concerned about its potential to impede the implementation of new technologies. 这里并不是concern 'it will impede the implementation' 而是“have a decisive influence on...” or "can be a primary determinant ...“， 即是怕其影响technology的壮大发展而不是影响新科技的implementation
没读懂文章，重做一遍
Specific; 定位Clark believes this possibility has been obscured by the recent sociological fashion, exemplified by Braverman's analysis, that emphasizes the way machinery reflects social choices. For Braverman, the shape of a technological system is subordinate to the manager's desire to wrest control of the labor process from the workers.
定位1: technology can be a primary determinant of social and managerial organization.
定位2: Clark believes this possibility has been ／obscured／ by the recent sociological fashion, ／exemplified by Braverman's analysis／, that emphasizes ／the way machinery reflects social choices／. For Braverman, the shape of a technological system is ／subordinate to the manager's desire／ to wrest control of the labor process from the workers.
再回到B选项上来，比较容易错误地将它排除的原因就在于on the influence of managers。但我们发现在第二段有一句：Clark believes this possibility has been obscured by the recent sociological fashion, exemplified by Braverman’s analysis, that emphasizes the way machinery reflects social choices. For Braverman, the shape of a technological system is subordinate to the manager’s desire to wrest control of the labor process from the workers. 将以上两句意思进行概括正好就是B选项。
细节题 --“Clark believes this possibility has been obscured by the recent sociological fashion, exemplified by Braverman's analysis, that emphasizes the way machinery reflects social choices. ” This position represents the new mainstream called social constructivism.
The constructivists gain acceptance by （misrepresenting） technological determinism。
选C，态度一致，disapprove 不同意 misplace 错位....