A study compared a sample of Swedish people older than 75 who needed in-home assistance with a similar sample of Israeli people. The people in the two samples received both informal assistance,provided by family and friends, and formal assistance, professionally provided.Although Sweden and Israel have equally well-funded and comprehensive systems for providing formal assistance, the study found that the people in the Swedish sample received more formal assistance, on average, than those in the Israeli sample.
Which of the following, if true, does most to explain the difference that the study found?


A companion study found that among children needing special in-home care, the amount of formal assistance they received was roughly the same in Sweden as in Israel.

More Swedish than Israeli people older than 75 live in rural areas where formal assistance services are sparse or nonexistent.

Although in both Sweden and Israel much of the funding for formal assistance ultimately comes from the central government,the local structures through which assistance is delivered are different in the two countries.

In recent decades, the increase in life expectancy of someone who is 75 years old has been greater in Israel than in Sweden.

In Israel, people older than 75 tend to live with their children, whereas in Sweden people of that age tend to live alone.

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考题讲解

情景：一个研究对比了两个国家的老人（75岁以上，都需要照顾；都收到了正式和非正式的援助）。虽然S和I两个国家都资金充足且正式援助系统完善，但研究发现S的样本群体收到了更多的正式援助。

推理：此题为现象解释型考题，正确的逻辑顺序为：因为S和I都一样，所以S和I的老人收到的正式援助也应该一样。

推理方式为类比推理，我们可以通过找不同或者举反例来达到削弱结论（即，S收到的正式援助要多于I）的效果。

选项分析：

A选项：一个研究发现，在需要家庭护理的孩子们当中，S的孩子收到的正式援助数量和I的一样多：我们讨论的是为什么S的老人收到的正式援助多，和孩子无关。

B选项：更多的75岁以上的S老人住在正式援助缺少或者不存在的郊区：我们要解释的是为什么S收到的多，这个选项说反了。

C选项：虽然S和I的正式援助资金都来自中央政府，但是地方分配援助的方式不同：虽然提到了二者不同，但没有明确指出为什么S收到的多。

D选项：近几十年，I的75岁的人的寿命要比S的长：如果I的寿命更长，理论上他们收到的正式援助应该更多才对。

E选项：正确。在I，75岁以上的老人通常和孩子们住在一起，而S的老人独自生活：这个选项给出了不同，且明确指出了S收到的正式援助更多的原因——因为I的老人收到的非正式援助更多，所以正式援助就没那么多了。

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