To estimate the expansion rate of the universe is a notoriously difficult problem because there is a lack of a single yardstick that all distances can be measured by.
To estimate the expansion rate of the universe is a notoriously difficult problem because there is a lack of a single yardstick that all distances can be measured by.
Estimating the expansion rate of the universe is a notoriously difficult problem because there is no single yardstick by which all distances can be measured.
Because there is a lack of a single yardstick to measure all distances by, estimating the expansion rate of the universe is a notoriously difficult problem.
A notoriously difficult problem is to estimate the expansion rate of the universe because a single yardstick is lacking by which all distances can be measured.
It is a notoriously difficult problem to estimate the expansion rate of the universe because by no single yardstick can all distances be measured.
题目分析:此题存在一个因果联系。即“因为没有标尺,所以估计宇宙的膨胀速度是个难题”。
选项分析:
A选项:because之后跟着一个there be句型,其核心成分为“there is a lack”,即“这里有一个缺少”。但直接导致“估计速度是个难题的”应该是“没有标尺”这件事,而不仅仅是“这里有个缺少”。
B选项:正确。because之后的核心成分为“there is no yardstick”,即“这里无标尺”。
C选项:there is a lack错误同A。
D选项:此选项的字面意思为“因为标尺正在缺少,所以难题 是 预估速度这件事”。很明显,“正在缺少”这一进行时是不合理的,且“标尺缺少”导致的应该是“ 预估速度这件事 是 难题”,而不是“难题 是 预估速度这件事”。
E选项:主句中,it作形式主语,指代“预估速度”这件事。原因状语从句中,是一个倒装,还原一下为“all distances can be measured by no single yardstick.” 其字面意思为“所有的距离可以被 没有任何一个标尺 测量 ”。那么整句话的核心意思为“因为被测量,所以是难题”。但合理的应该是“因为没标尺,所以是难题”。
1、“若发生不定式和ing转换的是主语或者表语,则判断标准细化为:不定式表示说话者(当变化部分是主语时)或主语(当变化部分是表语时)能控制其发生与否的事件;ing表示说话者或主语无法控制其发生与否的事件。” ——毕姥爷。 这里探讨的就是“估算膨胀率”这个事情,“估算”这个动作没有可控制性,或者不具备目的性(如“为了估算”一说),所以用ing更合理。故AE不合适,E里面it作形式主语指代“to estimate the expansion rate of the universe ”,将这个不定式提前则与A如出一辙,个人认为E的倒装没什么问题;
2、特地查了下lack of的含义:the fact that something is not available or that there is not enough of it——Cambridge Dictionary。所以a lack of 更多的是表达“缺少、缺乏”的意思(暗指原来就有但不多?),例如:Her only problem is a lack of confidence,她唯一的问题是缺少自信,并不是说她完全就没有自信(即no confidence)。当选项这里a lack of 和 no同时存在的时候就可以看下是“缺少标准”还是“没有标准”了,明显no的表意更精确。所以CD不合适,D的lacking也是这个意思,当然D还有其他问题。
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