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题库 / OG2016-RC-56
Among the myths taken as fact by the environmental managers of most corporations is the belief that environmental regulations affect all competitors in a given industry uniformly. In reality, regulatory costs — and therefore compliance — fall unevenly, economically disadvantaging some companies and benefiting others. For example, a plant situated near a number of larger noncompliant competitors is less likely to attract the attention of local regulators than is an isolated plant, and less attention means lower costs.
Additionally, large plants can spread compliance costs such as waste treatment across a larger revenue base; on the other hand, some smaller plants may not even be subject to certain provisions such as permit or reporting requirements by virtue of their size. Finally, older production technologies often continue to generate toxic wastes that were not regulated when the technology was first adopted. New regulations have imposed extensive compliance costs on companies still using older industrial coal-fired burners that generate high sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide outputs, for example, whereas new facilities generally avoid processes that would create such waste products. By realizing that they have discretion and that not all industries are affected equally by environmental regulation, environmental managers can help their companies to achieve a competitive edge by anticipating regulatory pressure and exploring all possibilities for addressing how changing regulations will affect their companies specifically.
According to the passage, which of the following statements about sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide outputs is true?
Older production technologies cannot be adapted so as to reduce production of these outputs as waste products.
Under the most recent environmental regulations, industrial plants are no longer permitted to produce these outputs.
Although these outputs are environmentally hazardous, some plants still generate them as waste products despite the high compliance costs they impose.
Many older plants have developed innovative technological processes that reduce the amounts of these outputs generated as waste products.
Since the production processes that generate these outputs are less costly than alternative processes, these less expensive processes are sometimes adopted despite their acknowledged environmental hazards.
题目分析：
文章细节题：关于二氧化硫和氧化氮，以下哪点是正确的？
原文：举个例子，新法规对那些仍然使用旧的、烧煤的、产生二氧化硫氧化氮的设备收收环保税，然而那些新的设备通常没有会避免生产这些有害物质的过程。
选项分析：
A选项：为了减少这些有害物质的产生，旧的生产技术不能用：原文没有提旧的生产技术还能不能用，只是说如果用，就要收更多钱。
B选项：在最新的环境法下，工业设备不再被允许生产这些物质：文章没有提允不允许产生这些物质，只是说会对产生这些物质的设备征更多税。
C选项：正确。尽管这些物质是对环境有害的，但一些工厂依旧会产生这些物质，尽管会被征很多税：根据原文推理，既然新法规对那些旧的设备征税，就说明依旧有工厂在用，如果没有工厂用，新法规也就不会做出这个规定。
D选项：许多旧厂房发明了新的可以减少有害物质产生的生产过程：原文没有提旧厂房发明了新技术，只是说现在有了新技术，但没说谁发明的。
E选项：因为会产生有害物质的过程比其他过程更省钱，这个更便宜的生产过程还是会被使用尽管对环境有害：原文没有提成本的事。
C. imposed costs on companies ”still using“ 旧设备可以用，但是会罚款，故AB过于绝对
只说对于污染大气的旧设备会收取高昂的费用，没说禁止用旧设备。同时也从侧面暗示了仍有一些工厂使用旧设备
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A选项：为了减少这些有害物质的产生，旧的生产技术不能用：原文没有提旧的生产技术还能不能用，只是说如果用，就要收更多钱。
C选项：正确。尽管这些物质是对环境有害的，但一些工厂依旧会产生这些物质，尽管会被征很多税：根据原文推理，既然新法规对那些旧的设备征税，就说明依旧有工厂在用，如果没有工厂用，新法规也就不会做出这个规定。
A文中没说不让生产，只是要交很多税钱，排除。同时原文也符合C
请问老师为什么 whereas new facilities generally avoid processes that would create such waste products. 的解释是 然而那些新的设备通常没有会避免生产这些有害物质的过程 呢后面不是直接说avoid process，新设备避免了一个这样的过程吗？谢谢老师。
avoid process加上上一句说明了，就算新的生产设备也避免不了产生污染物的程序。所以即使要背负很高的成本，也还是会继续使用老技术。
New regulations have imposed extensive compliance costs on companies still using older industrial coal-fired burners that generate high sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide outputs
The answer has already been stated in the passage: older production technologies often continue to generate toxic wastes that were not regulated when the technology was first adopted. New regulations have imposed extensive compliance costs on companies still using older industrial coal-fired burners that generate high sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide outputs,
are no longer permitted to produce these outputs 太绝对 没说 no longer
选了B, extensive compliances cost 和 prohibuit 是有区别的。C就是原文最浅层的
New regulations have imposed extensive compliance costs on companies still using older industrial coal-fired burners that generate high sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide outputs, for example, whereas new facilities generally avoid processes that would create such waste products.
找准原文定位 不要想当然自己猜测 当然根本原因还是做题时候没有滤清思路 逻辑 时间
Finally, older production technologies often continue to generate toxic wastes that were not regulated when the technology was first adopted. New regulations have imposed extensive compliance costs on companies still using older industrial coal-fired burners that generate high sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide outputs, for example, whereas new facilities generally avoid processes that would create such waste products.
第一句话是概括，后面是举例，对氮硫物相关说法：老的还在继续使用，新规规定extensive costs，就是就算罚款也要用
**They worked so as to feed themselves and they prayed so as to save their souls.
**Older production technologies cannot be adapted so as to reduce production of these outputs as waste products.
**(idm 习语) //by virtue of sth//on account of or because of sth 由於或因为某事物: He was exempt from charges by virtue of his youth/of being so young/of the fact that he was so young. 他因年幼而获得免费.
** New regulations have imposed extensive compliance costs on companies still using older industrial coal-fired burners that generate high sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide outputs, for example, whereas new facilities generally avoid processes that would create such waste products.
定位句为New regulations have imposed extensive compliance costs on companies still using older industrial coal-fired burners that generate high sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide outputs
为什么不能定位在“whereas new facilities generally avoid processes that would create such waste products”这里？说明要换掉旧设备才能不产生污染物
为什么B错？
没有说No longer permitted的呀，只是说了对这些仍然使用排放污染气体的生产装置的工厂加大了罚款力度
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细节1，Finally, older production technologies often continue to generate toxic wastes