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题库 / OG2016-RC-130
Jacob Burckhardt's view that Renaissance European women "stood on a footing of perfect equality" with Renaissance men has been repeatedly cited by feminist scholars as a prelude to their presentation of rich historical evidence of women's inequality. In striking contrast to Burckhardt, Joan Kelly in her famous 1977 essay, "Did Women Have a Renaissance?" argued that the Renaissance was a period of economic and social decline for women relative both to Renaissance men and to medieval women. Recently, however, a significant trend among feminist scholars has entailed a rejection of both Kelly's dark vision of the Renaissance and Burckhardt's rosy one. Many recent works by these scholars stress the ways in which differences among Renaissance women—especially in terms of social status and religion—work to complicate the kinds of generalizations both Burckhardt and Kelly made on the basis of their observations about upper-class Italian women.
The trend is also evident, however, in works focusing on those middle- and upper-class European women whose ability to write gives them disproportionate representation in the historical record. Such women were, simply by virtue of their literacy, members of a tiny minority of the population, so it is risky to take their descriptions of their experiences as typical of "female experience" in any general sense. Tina Krontiris, for example, in her fascinating study of six Renaissance women writers, does tend at times to conflate "women" and "women writers," assuming that women's gender, irrespective of other social differences, including literacy, allows us to view women as a homogeneous social group and make that group an object of analysis. Nonetheless, Krontiris makes a significant contribution to the field and is representative of those authors who offer what might be called a cautiously optimistic assessment of Renaissance women's achievements, although she also stresses the social obstacles Renaissance women faced when they sought to raise their "oppositional voices." Krontiris is concerned to show women intentionally negotiating some power for themselves (at least in the realm of public discourse) against potentially constraining ideologies, but in her sober and thoughtful concluding remarks, she suggests that such verbal opposition to cultural stereotypes was highly circumscribed; women seldom attacked the basic assumptions in the ideologies that oppressed them.
The author of the passage discusses Krontiris primarily to provide an example of a writer who
is highly critical of the writings of certain Renaissance women
supports Kelly's view of women's status during the Renaissance
has misinterpreted the works of certain Renaissance women
has rejected the views of both Burckhardt and Kelly
has studied Renaissance women in a wide variety of social and religious contexts
文章大意：
JB：文艺复兴时期的欧洲女性和男性平权
JK：男性女性的经济社会状态都下降
女性学者（feminist scholar）：JB和JK都不对，他们没考虑社会地位和宗教的影响
TK：关注中等和上层阶级识字的女性。
缺点：和社会阶级无关，都是女性，所以可以一视同仁
优点：提供了关于文艺复兴女性贡献的乐观评估，也强调了她们遇到的困难；也清醒的意识到文字的反驳是受局限的。
题目分析：
文章细节题：作者讨论TK是为了说明TK？
选项分析：
A选项：挑剔特定的文艺复兴女性的作品：TK没有批评文艺复兴女性的作品。
B选项：支持JK关于“女性在文艺复兴时期的地位”的观点：TK是不支持JK也不支持JB的。
C选项：曲解了某些文艺复兴女性的作品：TK没有曲解任何作品。
D选项：正确。否定了JB和JK的观点：文章提到的feminist women否定了JB&JK的观点，而这个观点也在以TK为例的研究中evident。
E选项：在更宽泛和多元的背景中研究文艺复兴女性：文章提到TK研究的女性是tiny minority（小群体）。
这帮学者事实上有两个观点：（1）形成了一个趋势，反对B和K的或乐观或悲观的观点；（2）强调女性地位的差异会使B和K的结论复杂化，而B和K只研究了意大利的上层女性。
第二段：尽管如此（尽管学者认为女性地位的差异会使结论复杂化），这种反对B和K的趋势在那些只研究欧洲能读写女性的作品里也是明显的。比如k，她就用女作者代替了女性。她的结论是谨慎的乐观，不同于B和K。
需要把the trend的指代对象和however的转折对象梳理清楚，才能答对此题。
逻辑梳理：
第二段句首的the trend指代第一段末尾的a significant trend among feminist scholars has entailed a rejection of both Kelly's dark vision of the Renaissance and Burckhardt's rosy one.
The trend is also evident, however, in works focusing on those middle- and upper-class European women 意思是这帮学者反对K和B的观点的趋势在那些研究中上层欧洲女性的作品里也很明显--》研究中上层欧洲女性的作品也反对B和K的观点。
接下来讲这些作品里的女性能写作，是非典型的。将她们作为典型会产生误导。比如K，在她的研究里确实混淆了女性和女作者。虽然如此，K对文艺复兴时期的女性地位的研究依然做出了贡献，因为她做出了既不是乐观也不是悲观而是谨慎的乐观的结论。
可以从文章结构来判断这个例子的目的。
第一段提到了J.B.和J.K.两个人的观点，然后来了一个转折, however, a trend rejected both of them. 主要因为他们俩focus的女性阶层不具有代表性
第二段开头继续说这个反对前面那俩人的trend，在其他阶层也很明显，然后提到了K的例子。
所以K是举例说明这个trend, 而这个trend就是来反对JB和JK两个的
rc
misinterpreted 曲解解读，错选c，又是选急了，没有好好比较cd，其实也是没有理解c的意思，看到有misinterpreted就选了以为是无法代表
d。Recently, however, a significant trend among feminist scholars has entailed a rejection of both Kelly's dark vision of the Renaissance and Burckhardt's rosy one.
错选C。 这个K没有错误理解文艺复兴时期女作家的作品，只是错误的用女作家代表了全部女性：
本文结构：
1.先提出两个理论，然后说现在趋势是反对both
2.开始具体描述这个反对的趋势
而K的例子出现在第二段，当然是反对最开始的两个理论啦----D
The trend is also evident, however, in works ....后面又for example列举TK，作为works中的一个例子…
从整个行文结构来看，前面先交代了1）JB & 2）JK的观点。紧跟着抛出本文的主旨：最近的女权主义者反对了两人的观点。从结构上看，TK是作为支撑主旨的一个例子
highly感情色彩太强烈了，所以不能选，选错了
Tina Krontiris, for example, in her fascinating study of。。。说明TK也是个反对派学者？
A选项是错在highly critical 这个词上吗? highly critical是不是因为感情色彩太强烈了
解析里说，TK是搞混了女作者和女性身份（用女作者代表全体女性），但并不是曲解了她们的作品
曲解她们本身，和曲解作品不是一个意思，晕
trend的观点是用女人的work去丰富理论
倒是读出了TK是属于哪个trend，且trend是反对前两个学者，但犹豫之下还是选了C，认为是TK混淆了 "women" and "women writers"，不应该从general sense解读，这不算misinterpret吗？
关键要读懂第二段的首句 以及理清关系
前两个人不好 有一个trend那就是学者们都反对那两人
第二段开头就说 同时这个反对的trend也存在于TK的研究当中 人们也反对tk的研究 tk虽然有所建树 但还是狭隘了
我愣是看不出来 tk的观点哪里反对 前两人的观点了 明明tk自己也是被反对的一方
specific; 定位The trend is also evident, however, in works focusing on those middle- and upper-class European women whose ability to write gives them disproportionate representation in the historical record. Such women were,。。。。。所以这类女人是反对那JB和JK的，后面的例子的女人就属于这类女人。
定位：a significant trend among feminist scholars has entailed a rejection of both Kelly's dark vision of the Renaissance and Burckhardt's rosy one.
primarily to provide an example of a writer who这个问题是要求给这个例子进行归类，而不是描述这个例子所用有的特性
The trend is also evident, however, in works...，这个trend就是反对第一段的两个人，而k得作品就是work中的一个，所以他也是反对的
第一段讲了两个人的观点，第三段转折However陈述了第三个不同于两个人的观点，K这个人就是作为例子来陈述第三个观点的
好多观点，先把关系理清：
JB持一个观点，JK持另一个，学者反对Both of JB and JK；TK是个学者，所以举她的例子也是用来反驳Both of JB and JK；
发现出题人其实很坏心眼的，把这些人的名字都放的非常近似来迷惑人；另外如果没读出TK是学者战队的，这题9成会错;
分队这套路不错哈哈
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文章讨论K主要为了给一个作家提供例子，这种作家是什么样的？第二段就是说K的，第一句没看出来什么，继续往上一段看however, a significant trend among feminist scholars has entailed a rejection of both Kelly's dark vision of the Renaissance and Burckhardt's rosy one. Many recent works。。最终选择D