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题库 / Prep2007E1-CR-37
Capuchin monkeys in Venezuela often rub a certain type of millipede into their fur. Secretions of these millipedes have been shown to contain two chemicals that are potent mosquito repellents, and mosquitoes carry parasites that debilitate the capuchins. The rubbing behavior is rare except during the rainy season, when mosquito populations are at their peak. Therefore, the monkeys probably rub the millipedes into their fur because doing so helps protect them against mosquitoes.
Which of the following would it be most useful to determine in order to evaluate the argument?
Whether the two chemicals provide any protection for the millipedes against their own predators
Whether the type of millipede used by the capuchin monkeys in Venezuela is found in other parts of the world
Whether animals other than capuchins rub insects of any kind into their fur
Whether the only time the millipedes are readily available to the capuchins is during the rainy season
Whether secretions of any other insects accessible to the capuchins contain chemicals that repel mosquitoes
现象：下雨天（蚊子很多时），monkey抓millpede
结论：因为能驱蚊
evaluate题型，yes和no得出不同结论
D选项，yes，他因削弱；no，增强结论。bingo！
C：猴子揉搓的行为是为了驱散蚊子
choice D：是否millipedes对于猴子来说唯一可得的时候就是在雨季。如果否，那就说明猴子明明可以一年到头都rub,但是事实上只选在雨季这么做。增强了揉搓M和驱蚊的相关性。
如果只有雨季可以获得，那么擦m这个动作与防蚊之间可能只是事件上的巧合（偶然性），并没有因果关系。
如果四级都可以获得，那么就说明擦m与防蚊之间可能有特定的联系
结论：为了防蚊而摩擦
从相关到因果的推理，评估推翻因果关系，提出他因：是因为只有雨天有，而不是因为雨天蚊子多
是否M只能在雨季容易得到；如果只在雨季容易得到，削弱了猴子擦M用来防蚊；如果不是只在雨季容易得到，而在其他季节也容易得到而猴子不擦，只在雨季擦，就增强了猴子用M防蚊，正确
而如果只有雨季可以得到M，这是一个它因，导致在雨季rub，削弱因果联系。
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因果：因为雨季蚊子多——>所以雨季rub M
答案D: 只有雨季可得，他因削弱/ 每个季节都可得，只在雨季rub,加强“雨季有蚊子所以rub”
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果：rubbing millipede is to protect monkeys from 蚊子；
因：rubbing millipede is rare except rainy season。
隔断这个因果关系，说明这个因果不同时存在。
“雨季，猩猩抓XX 放身上”与 “防蚊子咬”
考虑因果关联性