加了in... they就变成指代40% elderly people的一个子集了
但是 intended meaning 应该是想说 有40%的老年人 他们XXXXX，
叠加了in相当于缩小了范围 所以排除ABC
其次，动词后面的that需要跟一个保证的句子
D选项是fragment sentence， 排除
选E

1.show that 后面跟一个完整句子，错选D，不是完整句子。而且 countries who也不正确。ABC错在 in people的说法上！！！
RON:
as noted in the post above -- choices a, b, c say "in these people, they consume..."
taken literally, this construction suggests that someone located inside these people is consuming nutrients.

AB中They的指代都不清楚
C中的or having主语肯定不是nutrients
D不是完整句子
or前后应该平行

相比B，E更平行

考察语意逻辑的清晰合理：
一句话里逻辑链一致会使表达和解意更轻松。大逻辑是survey show 两件事情，从最后面they have deficient levels of nutrients的主谓宾结构可知，前面一件事的结构最好也是人有物的结构，而不是物被人有或其他。
保留B/E，elderly people做状语还是做主语的区别。B是people do sth in people的结构，错误；E people do sth，ok。审查D的细处，show两件事情，后面一件用的是省略主语，用or+谓语动词的结构，这种结构下不涉及到show that and that的问题，ok

首先如果表示在“在一群人当中”的状语时，你后面的主句名词肯定不能是这些人，而应该是这个人群的特征是主语。如果你把这个人群当作主语，就没必要专门搞个in的状语了

the consumption of nutrients is insufficient in elderly people对比elderly people consume insufficient nutrients
in+时间，表示在某个时间点，+地点表示在某处，+物体表示在……里，+事情，表示在……方面，还有其他，in English表示用英语等
in elderly people只能表示在……里，错误
同时还可以理解成是作主语和作状语的区别，消费缺乏是没有地点的，你在南边消费也好，在北边消费也好，反正消费这个东西是不够的。

up可以做副词，The temperature went up to 35°C.
The consumption is insufficient up to 40% people, up to 40% people做状语，修饰 insufficient，不够的范围？对40%的人来说不够。
in people 也是作状语，但介词都有自己的意思，in people在人们里面，错误。

ABC：句首的介词宾语in up to 40 percent of elderly people修饰主句，逻辑错误

amount of 不能修饰 可数名词nutrients吧……

--Is it because B is essentially saying that "In crowd A, crowd A consume nutrients insufficiently and have...."??, thus redundant.
--yes. in fact, it's much worse than redundancy; it actually creates the nonsense meaning that people are somehow inside themselves while consuming nutrients.

跟一个完整的句子*

可以确定排除的有C,D
C：or having不平行
D：countries who修饰错误
剩余选项比较模糊
A：they指代不明→这个比较难以判断，从their blood来看，their应该可以明确指代elderly people→当选项没有明确考察pronoun时，不过分考虑这个问题；这道题可能比较明显的错误在于or所要求的平行，A选项让两个句子进行比较平行，根据平行的定义，要求structurely and logically parallel, 这里的前后两句话结构既不相似，逻辑关系也不够强
B，prep笔记说是insufficiently修饰不当，我不是能够特别能够理解，而且这也不算一个逻辑清晰的判断点，其次，they的指代依然不能判断清晰与否
该题有待商讨。
其他：我最开始在纠结in up to正确与否，应该是正确的，up to 修饰后面的noun phrase:40 percent of elderly people,加上in 形成介词短语修饰comma后面的整个句子。

--Is it because B is essentially saying that "In crowd A, crowd A consume nutrients insufficiently and have...."??, thus redundant.
--yes. in fact, it's much worse than redundancy; it actually creates the nonsense meaning that people are somehow inside themselves while consuming nutrients.
A. or 前后不平行
C.or 前后不平行
D.that从句缺谓语

E 选项中 amounts of 可以修饰可数名词 nutrients 吗？

as noted in the post above -- choices a, b, c say "in these people, they consume..."
taken literally, this construction suggests that someone located inside these people is consuming nutrients.

纯粹用的是措辞排除的，感觉有点不踏实。如果用in 的话，意思成了"在40%的人中，they do."如果是they代指40%的人，完全可以不用in。如果代指people，似乎逻辑上矛盾。不知道这么进行判定是否正确？