Some airlines allegedly reduce fares on certain routes to a level at which they lose money, in order to drive competitors off those routes. However, this method of eliminating competition cannot be profitable in the long run. Once an airline successfully implements this method, any attempt to recoup the earlier losses by charging high fares on that route for an extended period would only provide competitors with a better opportunity to undercut the airline's fares.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?
In some countries it is not illegal for a company to drive away competitors by selling a product below cost.
Airline executives generally believe that a company that once underpriced its fares to drive away competitors is very likely to do so again if new competitors emerge.
As part of promotions designed to attract new customers, airlines sometimes reduce their ticket prices to below an economically sustainable level.
On deciding to stop serving particular routes, most airlines shift resources to other routes rather than reduce the size of their operations.
When airlines dramatically reduce their fares on a particular route, the total number of air passengers on that route increases greatly.
B没有深入去思考带来的结果,如果executives 认为公司还有可能再次采取低价策略,那么他们就不会再折腾了
∴用将对手赶出市场的低价竞争不适合长期使用
∵如果要弥补亏损、收回成本提高价格,会被竞争对手模仿采用低价竞争(陷入被动)
削弱,削弱因果链条(CQ1),或引入他因(CQ2)说明
A、低于成本的价格在一些国家不合法;无关
B、决策者认为,如果新竞争对手出现,用过低价竞争的公司会再次使用低价竞争;(习惯降价促销的公司会让竞争者不会模仿,甚至不敢抢地盘);CORRECT
C、为吸引顾客,有时公司会使用自己无法承受的价格;无关,甚至增强
D、决定停止一个航路,公司会优先投资新航路,而不是减小这个航路的规模;无关,甚至增强(走的逻辑链和原文一样)
E、当价格下降,顾客数量会激增;(即使如此,也反驳不了被模仿)
Airline executives generally believe that a company that once underpriced its fares to drive away competitors is very likely to do so again if new competitors emerge. 航空公司的管理层认为如果新的竞争对手出现了,之前通过降低价格赶走竞争对手的公司很有可能会重新使用这个降价策略. 该信息的引申含义是再次出现竞争对手的可能性会比较小,所以挤走了竞争对手之后,长期来讲还是很有可能会盈利的. 因为其他航空公司的人认为如果他们再次参与竞争,使用的低价策略的赶走了竞争对手的航空公司会再次使用低价策略,要赢得竞争的风险太大.
b选项 :Airline executives 就是指这家航空公司的行政领导。竞争者出现时,就再一次使用低价策略挤出竞争者;没有竞争者时就用高价来赚取利润…….
这个方法可以在挤出竞争者同时定高价 be profitable,削弱结论
果:长期不会盈利
因果题,驳斥结论,即长期仍可以盈利
B选项由于高管认为一旦新的竞争者出现,仍会采取降价,因此符合前提“通过降价来减少竞争对手”
E选项表示总乘客会增多,但由于新的竞争者出现,乘客不一定会去坐自己的航班
however后面是要weaken的argument,第二层逻辑,说的是a要盈利得再涨价,这时候b back in降价,多少夺回市场
b选项在逻辑二的基础上又加一个第三层,最开始降价的a在b重出后又降,再来一回合结果就不一定了
d选项strenghen第一层逻辑,b的确很可能off route
e选项,不管a降还是b降需求都会增多,但不涉及ab之间谁争到客源
首先,一些航空公司用大降价方法来挤走竞争者(长期看来是为了盈利)。
第二层逻辑,即文段作者认为,他们的计划不能成功,因为他们的做法(先降价挤走竞争者,再提价回本)不能够达到预期目的。
题目问削弱论述,应该是削弱第二层逻辑。而第二层是对第一层逻辑的“方案不能导致目的”型的削弱,要抨击这一点,所以B对。E的话根本没管论述的核心逻辑,对E不是直接削弱的,
choice e, 当航空公司对特定航线降价,那条航线上面的乘客人数会激增。-> irrelevant, as the argument doesn't turn on what happens during the low-fare period (its most important premises concern what happens after prices are raised back)
而且文章其实讲得很清楚了However, this method of eliminating competition cannot be profitable in the long run. 说的是这种消除竞争者的策略无利可图,所以削弱肯定还是要从消除竞争者这个点出发。而E仅仅证明了消除竞争者中用到的降价策略有利可图,并不能证明消除竞争者策略有利可图,
B之所以正确,是因为他是站在竞争者的角度思考,侧面体现出“不会有人再去竞争了”这个含义,推理的目标仍是证明是否profitable,和其他的东西都无关。
E错在一增一减,profitable这个事是说不定的,这个选项也许可以证明并不是unprofitable的,但不能证明是profitable的。
P:Once an airline successfully implements this method, any attempt to recoup the earlier losses by charging high fares on that route for an extended period would only provide competitors with a better opportunity to undercut the airline's fares.
C:this method of eliminating competition cannot be profitable in the long run
若问削弱,就是要反驳推理文段中的结论“this method cannot be profitable”
P: 之后任何对降价航线的涨价行为都会导致竞争者回来-> C: 这种模式不能长久持续下去
choice b, 任何通过降价方式驱逐竞争者的公司,当新竞争者再出现的时候很有可能还会这么做。-> correct, 航空公司不会只降一次价格
choice e, 当航空公司对特定航线降价,那条航线上面的乘客人数会激增。-> irrelevant, as the argument doesn't turn on what happens during the low-fare period (its most important premises concern what happens after prices are raised back)