Healthy lungs produce a natural antibiotic that protects them from infection by routinely killing harmful bacteria on airway surfaces. People with cystic fibrosis, however, are unable to fight off such bacteria, even though their lungs produce normal amounts of the antibiotic. The fluid on airway surfaces in the lungs of people with cystic fibrosis has an abnormally high salt concentration; accordingly, scientists hypothesize that the high salt concentration is what makes the antibiotic ineffective.
Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the scientists' hypothesis?
When the salt concentration of the fluid on the airway surfaces of healthy people is raised artificially, the salt concentration soon returns to normal.
A sample of the antibiotic was capable of killing bacteria in an environment with an unusually low concentration of salt.
When lung tissue from people with cystic fibrosis is maintained in a solution with a normal salt concentration, the tissue can resist bacteria.
Many lung infections can be treated by applying synthetic antibiotics to the airway surfaces.
High salt concentrations have an antibiotic effect in many circumstances.
情景:健康的肺能生产自然的抗体。但是,有囊肿性纤维化病的病人却不能攻击入侵的细菌。研究发现,这些病人肺中的含盐量很高。因此,科学家认为是高盐度让抗体失效的。
推理:
前提:anabnormally high salt concentration和the antibioticineffective之间存在正相关关系
结论:The high salt concentration is what makes theantibiotic ineffective
答案预估:
其它能解释为何“抗生素无效”的原因不存在。
“高盐度导致抗生素无效”的其它必要条件(常理上能保真推理出的一切结果)。
选项分析:
A选项:当人工的将正常人气道上的液体变成高盐度的时候,含盐量马上会下降至正常水平。本选项讨论的是正常人的气道不会允许具有高盐度的液体,与推理文段没有关系,可以排除。
B选项:抗体的样本可以在很低盐含量的情况下具有能力杀死细菌。本选项描述的是低盐度时抗体的表现,并没有谈及高盐度的问题,可以排除。
C选项:Correct. 如果从患有cystic fibrosis的人身上切下来的组织被放到正常含盐量的地方,那么这些组织可以杀死病菌。通过控制变量,证明含盐度和抗病能力的相关性。也就是说,如果高盐度真的导致抗生素无效的话,那么离开了高盐度,抗生素应该恢复效力。
D选项:许多肺病患者可以被施用合成抗体于气道表面来治愈。合成抗体和自然抗体没有关系,因此本选项可以排除。
E选项:高盐浓度在很多情况下具有抗体的效果。本选项描述的是高盐度的一个属性,可以排除。
C选项加强的模式叫做[无因无果]。当盐浓度正常时(没有高盐度,无因),能抵抗细菌(不会削弱抗生素,无果)。 B最具有迷惑性,B只说明了低盐度可以对抗细菌。那么对于高盐度,可能对抗,可能不对抗,也可能无关。所以B转移了讨论范围。
登录 或 注册 后可以参加讨论