Twenty years ago, Balzania put in place regulations requiring operators of surface mines to pay for the reclamation of mined-out land. Since then, reclamation technology has not improved. Yet, the average reclamation cost for a surface coal mine being reclaimed today is only four dollars per ton of coal that the mine produced, less than half what it cost to reclaim surface mines in the years immediately after the regulations took effect.
Which of the following, if true, most helps to account for the drop in reclamation costs described?
Even after Balzania began requiring surface mine operators to pay reclamation costs, coal mines in Balzania continued to be less expensive to operate than coal mines in almost any other country.
In the twenty years since the regulations took effect, the use of coal as a fuel has declined from the level it was at in the previous twenty years.
Mine operators have generally ceased surface mining in the mountainous areas of Balzania because reclamation costs per ton of coal produced are particularly high for mines in such areas.
Even after Balzania began requiring surface mine operators to pay reclamation costs, surface mines continued to produce coal at a lower total cost than underground mines.
As compared to twenty years ago, a greater percentage of the coal mined in Balzania today comes from surface mines.
情景:二十年前,Balzania开始向开垦土地的人征收复垦费用。自从开始征收复垦费用后,比较奇怪的是,虽然复垦的技术没有变化,但是每吨的煤的复垦费用反而下降了。
答案预估:
直接寻找解释原文现象(为何虽然复垦的技术没有变化,但是每吨的煤的复垦费用反而下降了)的选项即可。
选项分析:
A选项: 就算Balzania开始要求矿主支付复垦费用,Balzania的煤矿依然比其他地方的煤矿要便宜。煤矿的价格与复垦成本无关。
B选项:自从施行限制法令之后的20年以来,用“煤”作为燃料的情况要比这个法令施行前的20年下降了。与复垦成本无关。
C选项:Correct. 矿主停止开采了在Balzania山地中的一些矿藏因为在那些矿藏的复垦成本非常的高。显然,本选项提出了20年前刚开始施行法令和现在的一个显著的不同点。以前什么都开采,现在只开采便宜的。解释了为什么现在的复垦成本反而下降了。
D选项:就算Balzania开始要求矿主支付复垦费用,在表面的矿藏仍然比开采地下矿藏成本要低一些。本选项与复垦成本为何下降无关。
E选项:相对于20年以前,Balzania现在开采的矿藏中很大一部分都是地面矿。矿藏类型不能解释成本。
A无关选项,跟其他国家比,这个无关。B开始收费20年以来,用煤做燃料的少了。无关。D就算开始付费,表面矿还是比深层矿成本低。无关,结论讲的一直都是讲的表层矿自己。E,对比20年前,现在大部分煤来自表面矿。感觉也是没有关系
B looks good EXCEPT look very carefully at the wording of the argument. It says "average cost of a coal mine". Creating fewer coal mines does not matter to this argument, because it is average cost PER mine reclaimed that we are concerned about.
Possible reason: Even though technology has not improved, some other factor has changed that permits less costly reclamation.
解释题: 有其他原因导致修缮成本下降?(直接找答案,能够解释为什么修缮成本下降)
代入法:现在法律规定我一定要修缮开发后的井,那我肯定倾向于去修缮成本低的井处去开发
而题干最后一句:平均cost下降,所以CQ找干扰因素/一因多果/无因果
这样推理的错误在哪里呢?
前提:征收费用前和征收费用后的开垦技术没有变化
结论:每吨煤的费用应该也不变(实际是上升的,因为有了开垦费用)
由此可知,本题显然属于用相似推导相似的题目,属于类比推理。
选题方式:类比推理一共具有两个评估方向,要么提到“征收费用前”或者“征收费用后”,要么给出与这两个案例相平行等价的案例C。
解释题: 有其他原因导致修缮成本下降?(直接找答案,能够解释为什么修缮成本下降)
代入法:现在法律规定我一定要修缮开发后的井,那我肯定倾向于去修缮成本低的井处去开发
从类比方向看:此题类比的P:两个案例是收费时与收费后后20年 也就是现在 相同点是开垦技术没有提高 C:那么开垦前后的复垦费用也应该一样,找两个案例的不同,或者是举出一个反例C A 选项讨论收费后,但是没有涉及两个案例的不同点(注意continue) B选项讨论的是 收费前后20年,不是题目中的案例,时间点要履清楚 C 选项正确,虽然没有直接提出时间点,但是默认有复垦费用,就是收费开始时。说明了一个不同点就是以前什么都开采,现在只开采便宜的。 D选项 同A E选项没有C选项更有说服力
为枯竭矿而花的复垦钱/煤产量=单位煤产量复垦费。“单位煤产量复垦费”降低了,是为什么呢?
或者分子变小,或者分母变大。
C提到了分子变小,可以。