It is theoretically possible that bacteria developed on Mars early in its history and that some were carried to Earth by a meteorite. However, strains of bacteria from different planets would probably have substantial differences in protein structure that would persist over time, and no two bacterial strains on Earth are different enough to have arisen on different planets. So, even if bacteria did arrive on Earth from Mars, they must have died out.

The argument is most vulnerable to which of the following criticisms?


It fails to establish whether bacteria actually developed on Mars.

It fails to establish how likely it is that Martian bacteria were transported to Earth.

It fails to consider whether there were means other than meteorites by which Martian bacteria could have been carried to Earth.

It fails to consider whether all bacteria now on Earth could have arisen from transported Martian bacteria.

It fails to consider whether there could have been strains of bacteria that originated on Earth and later died out.

考题讲解

情景:火星是有可能和地球有联系的,有些火星的东西可能掉在了地球上。但是,现在地球上的任意两族的细菌的蛋白质结构的差距都没有足够明显到可以认为它们来自两个行星。因此,就算有来自火星的细菌,它们也灭绝了。

推理:

前提:现在地球上的任意两族的细菌的蛋白质结构的差距都没有足够明显到可以认为它们来自两个行星
结论:就算有来自火星的细菌,它们也灭绝了


答案预估:

其它能解释为何“任意两族的细菌的蛋白质结构的差距都没有很大”的原因。
“来自火星的细菌灭绝”的其它必要条件(常理上能保真推理出的一切结果)不存在。


选项分析:

A选项:文段没有建立是否细菌真正的在火星上存在。本选项提到了“细菌”,但是不是地球上的细菌。也没有涉及火星细菌灭绝和地球细菌之间的因果关系。

B选项:文段没有建立火星上的细菌到达地球有多少可能性。解释同上。

C选项:文段没有考虑除掉陨石之外,还有没有其他的途径可以供火星细菌到达地球。本选项没有提出蛋白质无差异的原因,也没有提供因果联系。

D选项:Correct. 
文段没有考虑是否现在地球上所有的细菌都来自于火星。若本选项成立,自然可以解释为什么地球上的细菌都那么“像”。

E选项:文段没有考虑是否有一些地球上的细菌种族出现了,然后之后灭绝了。如果本选项说的是所有的地球上的细菌种族都先出现,而后灭绝,那么其也说明了结果。但是如果仅仅谈及某些细菌,则其不能评估推理文段。

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Prep2008E1-CR

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