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题库 / Prep2008E1-SC-182
The organic food industry has organized a successful grassroots campaign—using Web sites, public meetings, and also mass mailings—that have convinced the Department of Agriculture to change the proposed federal regulations for organically grown food.
using Web sites, public meetings, and also mass mailings—that have convinced
using Web sites, public meetings, and mass mailings—that has convinced
by using Web sites, public meetings, and mass mailings—in convincing
by the use of Web sites, public meetings, as well as mass mailings—that convinced
which used Web sites, public meetings, and mass mailings—in convincing
题目分析：
破折号中的using Web sites, public meetings, and mass mailings是插入语，不影响主干结构，因此本题的主干为：
The organic food industry has organized a successful grassroots campaign that has convinced the Department of Agriculture
选项分析：
A选项：定语从句that have convinced the Department of Agriculture的先行词应为a successful grassroots campaign，即，这个草根运动劝服了the Department of Agriculture。因此，由于campaign是单数，所以应将have convinced改为单数动词has convinced。另外，also是副词，表示“也”，和并列连词and之间在语意上重复。
B选项：Correct. 本选项在语法和逻辑上均是正确的。
C选项：介词短语in convincing the Department of Agriculture需改为定语从句 that has convinced the Department of Agriculture。这是因为，介词身后只能是动名词短语，而动名词短语在字面上没有主语。例如，我们说，a bag for sleeping，这个词的意思是，睡袋。这完全不等同于a bag that sleeps（一个bag没法睡觉）。在本题语境下，发出convince这个动作的肯定是a successful grassroots campaign，即，草根运动劝服了政府，因此必须用定语从句。
D选项：并列连词and不能换为as well as，as well as使mass mailings与前两项变为从属或递进关系，而在逻辑上，网站，公众集会，广发邮件应是单纯的并列关系。
E选项：介词短语in convincing the Department of Agriculture错误同(C)。
笔记-插入语：
1. 形容词或形容词短语作插入语，worst still, sure enough, strange, most important of all等。例句：Strange, there is nobody in the classroom.
2. 副词或副词短语作插入语。personally, honestly, fortunately, luckily, for us, though, besides, exactly, surely, frankly, still otherwise 等。
3. 介词短语作插入语。of course, in short, as a matter of fact, by the way, On the contrary, on the other hand, in my opinion, in conclusion等。
4. 现在分词短语作插入语。generally speaking, judging from/ by ..., talking of..., considering...等。例句：Considering his age, he did very well.
5. 过去分词短语作插入语。例句：Painted white, we like the house better.
解析：之所以称它为插入语，是由于这种过去分词是独立的，没有逻辑主语。
6. 动词不定式作插入语。to be sure, to be frank（坦率地说）,to tell you the truth（说实话）,so to speak（可以说）等。
7. 代词词组作插入语。all the same（尽管如此）,all told（总共）,all in all（总的来说）等。
8. 句子：I say /hear, I think /hope / believe, you know / see, what’s more, that is (to say), I’m afraid, do you think / suppose等。
例句：It’s a great mistake, I think, not to accept their proposal.
9. 从句：if so / not / any, if I may say so, if you don’t mind, as you know, as you say 等。
例句：This man, as you know, is good for nothing.
10. 用标点符号引导插入语。例句：He was (strange as it seems) an excellent sportsman.
"using和by using。前者指的是campaign itself use；后者修饰强调的是how to organize，暗示主语是industry，组织的方式是用户网；显然前者对。
A have主谓不一致。
B 正确
C by using不行；in convincing不行
【s + clause + by VERBing】这个结构用by ING解释主句如何发生
例如 i prepared for the test by reviewing takeaways on the MGMAT forums. 看论坛解释了我如何准备考试
用在C选项里面就是使用网页等解释了行业如何举办活动，但真正的意思是活动自己使用网页等
【s + clause + IN VERBing】，那这个clause必须是VERBing的一部分，例如i solved all the problems in OG12 in preparing for the GMAT.解决问题是准备GMAT的一部分。翻译为【在这件事中】。
用在C选项里面表达的意思就是举办活动是convince政府的一部分，不合理
错选D as well as不可替代and，因为它是个修饰，有主次和从属。而语义是单纯并列。过去式也不对
E in convincing不行 过去式也不对"
"using", like "including", doesn't follow the normal rules for "__ing" modifiers.
when "using" is used in this kind of context (to describe the tools with which something is accomplished), its behavior is essentially identical to that of "with".
thus, you can think of this "using" as a preposition, like "with".
The best way to interpret "using", in that context, is as equivalent to "with".
You can build this stuff using mud and clay.
You can build this stuff with mud and clay.
In other words, don't think of it as "__ing" at all; think of it as something else altogether, in the same family as "with".
("Including" is another word that ends with -ing but doesn't act like other __ing's.)
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错选c
if you say "subject + clause + IN VERBing", then subject + clause must be an ACTUAL PART of the action of VERBing.
e.g.
i solved all the problems in OG12 in preparing for the GMAT.
--> notice that solving the problems IS ACTUALLY PART OF preparing for the test.
choice (c) fails here, too, since organizing the campaign (the main clause) is not ACTUALLY PART OF convincing the government.
there's nothing redundant about "and also".
"and also" is redundant if it appears in the same sentence as "both"; this may be what you're thinking about.
i.e.,
X and also Y --> totally fine
both X and also Y --> redundant (and therefore incorrect)
笔记-插入语：
1. 形容词或形容词短语作插入语，worst still, sure enough, strange, most important of all等。例句：Strange, there is nobody in the classroom.
2. 副词或副词短语作插入语。personally, honestly, fortunately, luckily, for us, though, besides, exactly, surely, frankly, still otherwise 等。
3. 介词短语作插入语。of course, in short, as a matter of fact, by the way, On the contrary, on the other hand, in my opinion, in conclusion等。
4. 现在分词短语作插入语。generally speaking, judging from/ by ..., talking of..., considering...等。例句：Considering his age, he did very well.
5. 过去分词短语作插入语。例句：Painted white, we like the house better.
解析：之所以称它为插入语，是由于这种过去分词是独立的，没有逻辑主语。
6. 动词不定式作插入语。to be sure, to be frank（坦率地说）,to tell you the truth（说实话）,so to speak（可以说）等。
7. 代词词组作插入语。all the same（尽管如此）,all told（总共）,all in all（总的来说）等。
8. 句子：I say /hear, I think /hope / believe, you know / see, what’s more, that is (to say), I’m afraid, do you think / suppose等。
例句：It’s a great mistake, I think, not to accept their proposal.
9. 从句：if so / not / any, if I may say so, if you don’t mind, as you know, as you say 等。
例句：This man, as you know, is good for nothing.
10. 用标点符号引导插入语。例句：He was (strange as it seems) an excellent sportsman.
the problem with (c) is NOT grammatical; the grammar of (c) is just fine.
the problem with (c) is that it uses two different transitions incorrectly.
* if you say "subject + clause + BY VERBing", then "by VERBing" must explain HOW the main clause occurred.
e.g.
i prepared for the test by reviewing takeaways on the MGMAT forums.
note that the boldface clause describes HOW i prepared for the test.
choice (c) means that using websites, etc. was how the industry organized the campaign -- in other words, they used the websites and public meetings to organize the campaign in the first place. that's an incorrect meaning.
(the campaign ITSELF used these things; the correct modifier in (a) and (b) shows that relationship.)
* if you say "subject + clause + IN VERBing", then subject + clause must be an ACTUAL PART of the action of VERBing.
e.g.
i solved all the problems in OG12 in preparing for the GMAT.
--> notice that solving the problems IS ACTUALLY PART OF preparing for the test.
choice (c) fails here, too, since organizing the campaign (the main clause) is not ACTUALLY PART OF convincing the government.
choice (e) has two problems.
the first is "in convincing", which is wrong for the same reason why it's wrong in choice (c). see above.
the other is incorrect verb tense. "which used" (simple past tense) shouldn't be in a tense occurring prior to "has organized" (present perfect). this construction mistakenly suggests that the campaign "used X, Y, and Z" before it was even organized in the first place.
C by using不行；in convincing不行
【主句+ by doing】这个结构用by doing 解释主句如何发生
例如 i prepared for the test by reviewing takeaways on the MGMAT forums. 看论坛解释了我如何准备考试
C选项：’using Web sites, public meetings, and mass mailings" 没有解释 “如何oranize campaign“，因为 campaign本身 = use Web sites, public meetings, and mass mailings
using和by using修饰的对象不同：by using A, B, and C修饰的是如何organize；而using A, B, and C修饰的是grassroots campaign。+by改变了原句的意思。
【主句 + in doing】主句里的谓语动词 必须是 doing的一部分，
例如i solved all the problems in OG12 in preparing for the GMAT.
解决问题solved 是 准备preparing GMAT的一部分。翻译为【在这件事中】。
C选项：organize是后面convincing的一个动作，逻辑不合理
The organic food industry has organized a successful grassroots campaign—[using] Web sites, public meetings, and mass mailings—[that has convinced] the Department of Agriculture to change the proposed federal regulations for organically grown food.
有机食品行业组织了一场成功的草根运动——利用网站、公开会议和群发邮件——说服了农业部改变拟议中的关于有机种植食品的联邦法规。
破折号中的using Web sites, public meetings, and mass mailings是插入语，不影响主干结构，因此本题的主干为：
The organic food industry [has organized] a successful grassroots campaign that [has convinced] the Department of Agriculture
【现在完成时∥现在完成时】
A选项：“Web sites, public meetings, [and also] mass mailings”，also是副词，表示“也”，和并列连词and之间在语意上重复。
C选项：介词短语in convincing the Department of Agriculture需改为定语从句 that has convinced the Department of Agriculture。这是因为，【介词身后只能是动名词短语，而动名词短语在字面上没有主语。】例如，我们说，a bag for sleeping，这个词的意思是，睡袋。这完全不等同于a bag that sleeps（一个bag没法睡觉）。在本题语境下，发出convince这个动作的肯定是a successful grassroots campaign，即，草根运动劝服了政府，因此必须用定语从句。
D选项：并列连词and不能换为as well as，as well as使mass mailings与前两项变为从属或递进关系，而在逻辑上，网站，公众集会，广发邮件应是单纯的并列关系。
the problem with (c) is NOT grammatical; the grammar of (c) is just fine.
the problem with (c) is that it uses two different transitions incorrectly.
* if you say "subject + clause + BY VERBing", then "by VERBing" must explain HOW the main clause occurred.
e.g.
i prepared for the test by reviewing takeaways on the MGMAT forums.
note that the boldface clause describes HOW i prepared for the test.
choice (c) means that using websites, etc. was how the industry organized the campaign -- in other words, they used the websites and public meetings to organize the campaign in the first place. that's an incorrect meaning.
(the campaign ITSELF used these things; the correct modifier in (a) and (b) shows that relationship.)
* if you say "subject + clause + IN VERBing", then subject + clause must be an ACTUAL PART of the action of VERBing.
e.g.
i solved all the problems in OG12 in preparing for the GMAT.
--> notice that solving the problems IS ACTUALLY PART OF preparing for the test.
choice (c) fails here, too, since organizing the campaign (the main clause) is not ACTUALLY PART OF convincing the government.
choice (e) has two problems.
the first is "in convincing", which is wrong for the same reason why it's wrong in choice (c). see above.
the other is incorrect verb tense. "which used" (simple past tense) shouldn't be in a tense occurring prior to "has organized" (present perfect). this construction mistakenly suggests that the campaign "used X, Y, and Z" before it was even organized in the first place.
C选项：介词短语in convincing the Department of Agriculture需改为定语从句 that has convinced the Department of Agriculture。这是因为，介词身后只能是动名词短语，而动名词短语在字面上没有主语。例如，我们说，a bag for sleeping，这个词的意思是，睡袋。这完全不等同于a bag that sleeps（一个bag没法睡觉）。在本题语境下，发出convince这个动作的肯定是a successful grassroots campaign，即，草根运动劝服了政府，因此必须用定语从句。
B) 并列成分的判断：using +Web sites/public meetings/and mass mailings，所以并不存在V-ing与noun.并列的问题。A)关系代词一定注意判断谓语动词的形式(have/has). 其他知识点:①"using"/"including"的例外性，②and also在非both and结构下是可接受的，③as well as不能取代and
"as well as" is NOT a replacement for "and".
* if you say "subject + clause + BY VERBing", then "by VERBing" must explain HOW the main clause occurred.
i prepared for the test by reviewing takeaways on the MGMAT forums.
* if you say "subject + clause + IN VERBing", then subject + clause must be an ACTUAL PART of the action of VERBing.
i solved all the problems in OG12 in preparing for the GMAT.
介词短语：介词身后只能是动名词短语，而动名词短语在字面上没有主语
A，B，AS WELL AS C ❌ 去掉as well as c 后，前面 A ,B 不能这么存在
A, AS WELL AS B ✅ 但注意是从属或递进关系，而不是and的并列关系
A选项：定语从句that have convinced the Department of Agriculture的先行词应为a successful grassroots campaign，即，这个草根运动劝服了the Department of Agriculture。因此，由于campaign是单数，所以应将have convinced改为单数动词has convinced。
另外，also是副词，表示“也”，和并列连词and之间在语意上重复。
句意强调的是，草根运动劝服了政府，因此必须用定语从句，e的中心句是成功发起草根运动
是插入语，不影响主干结构；一上来应该先抓主谓宾！
campaign convince还是the organic food industry在in convincing而organise
这是that has convinced 和 in convincing的区别
介词短语in convincing the Department of Agriculture需改为定语从句 that has convinced the Department of Agriculture。这是因为，介词身后只能是动名词短语，而动名词短语在字面上没有主语。例如，我们说，a bag for sleeping，这个词的意思是，睡袋。这完全不等同于a bag that sleeps（一个bag没法睡觉）。在本题语境下，发出convince这个动作的肯定是a successful grassroots campaign，即，草根运动劝服了政府，因此必须用定语从句。