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题库 / Prep2008E1-SC-251
Faulty voting equipment, confusing ballots, voter error, and problems at polling places have been cited by a new study of the 2000 United States presidential election, which estimated that they did not count 4 million to 6 million of the 100 million votes cast.
Faulty voting equipment, confusing ballots, voter error, and problems at polling places have been cited by a new study of the 2000 United States presidential election, which estimated that they did not count 4 million to 6 million of the 100 million votes cast.
Citing faulty voting equipment, confusing ballots, voter error, and problems at polling places, a new study of the 2000 United States presidential election has estimated that 4 million to 6 million of the 100 million votes cast were not counted.
Citing faulty voting equipment, confusing ballots, voter error, and problems at polling places, 4 million to 6 million of the 100 million votes cast were not counted in the 2000 United States presidential election, a new study estimates.
A new study has cited faulty voting equipment, confusing ballots, voter error, and problems at polling places in estimating that 4 million to 6 million of the 100 million votes that were cast had not been counted in the 2000 United States presidential election.
A new study of the 2000 United States presidential election, citing faulty voting equipment, confusing ballots, voter error, and problems at polling places, has estimated 4 million to 6 million votes had not been counted of the 100 million votes cast.
题目分析：
本题看似较长，实则不难，只需把主干提炼清晰，答案较容易选对。
选项分析：
A选项：本选项主从句颠倒。应将cite句作为从句，estimate句作为主句。依据图形背景原则，从句必然是持续时间更长的，更大的事件，主句必然是持续时间更短的，更小的事件。在本题中，“声称投票有误等”必然是背景事件，“预估没被计算的票数”是凸显的事件，这是因为，声称投票有误等是原因，预估票数少是结论，原因的发生和作用时间显然要比结果更长（原因至少先发生）。
B选项：Correct. 本选项在语法和逻辑上均是正确的。
C选项：句首的citing faulty voting equipment, confusing ballots, voter error, and problems at polling places是伴随状语，其字面主语为主句主语 4 million to 6 million of the 100 million votes cast，这是不正确的。发出cite这个动作的应该是study。
D选项：主从句错误同选项(A)。另外， had not been counted是过去完成时，表示过去的过去，但在本题中没有一个明确的过去时间作为参照，不应表达过去的过去。
E选项：时态错误同选项(D)。
E有一个容易忽略的问题，但很严重。
例：(RON)
my friend from florida came to the bar --> he's originally from florida
my friend came to the bar from florida --> 3000 miles is a long, long way to go for some beers.
名词后有介词成分修饰时，是不可以把谓语动词放在名词和介词中间的，否则介词就会修饰这个动词，从而改变语义。题中of 100是不可以修饰动词的，也就是在E选项这样排列后语义是完全不通的，连改变语义都说不上。
E有一个容易忽略的问题，但很严重。 例：(RON) my friend from florida came to the bar --> he's originally from florida my friend came to the bar from florida --> 3000 miles is a long, long way to go for some beers. 名词后有介词成分修饰时，是不可以把谓语动词放在名词和介词中间的，否则介词就会修饰这个动词，从而改变语义。题中of 100是不可以修饰动词的，也就是在E选项这样排列后语义是完全不通的，连改变语义都说不上。
" had not been counted是过去完成时，表示过去的过去，但在本题中没有一个明确的过去时间作为参照，不应表达过去的过去。"
句子合理重心应该是结论为主句，达成结论的动作过程为辅
图形背景原则，
estimate是结果----图形
ciitng是过程-----背景
Citing faulty voting equipment, confusing ballots, voter error, and problems at polling places,
cite，引用，列举，如：
He cited his heavy workload as the reason for his breakdown. 他说繁重的工作负荷是导致他累垮的原因。
E，had错误。句子里另一个带时间的谓语动词是has estimated，这是现在的动作。had要用一个过去的动作/时间才可以用。
d时态错误
D选项：主从句错误同选项(A)。另外， had not been counted是过去完成时，表示过去的过去，但在本题中没有一个明确的过去时间作为参照，不应表达过去的过去。
谨慎使用过完
铭记图形背景
estimate 除了猜测还有判断的意思
E 还有一个问题 has estimated 宾语从句that省略了，表达不够清晰
A which修饰歧义 被动语态 they指代不清
C 核心词错误
D 时态错误 election应该和study搭配，距离太远
E 时态错误
我想问下c里 4 million to 6 million of the 100 million votes cast were not counted in the 2000 United States presidential election, 应该是 a new study estimates的宾语从句吧，这样他主语就还是study，然后发出cite的也是他。还是说这样不如b明确
A -> they did not count... 代词没有指代
C-> 伴随逻辑主语incorrect
D ->图形背景原则
E ->had not been counted 时态错误
*MARK.had not been counted是过去完成时，表示过去的过去，但在本题中没有一个明确的过去时间作为参照，不应表达过去的过去
D项的cited....in estimating应该改为cited....to estimate吗？
看来在做画线部分很长的题时，提炼主干，分清主语最重要。
A选项是否还有一个错误， the 2000 United States presidential election, which estimated that 定语从句遵守就近修饰原则，就变成election estimated，而不是study estimated 了？
也可以这么说，但这并不是A的最大错误。
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c citing的主语错误 排除
d 把引用作为主句改变句意，排除
a 引用作为主句错误
e的had not been 时态不当