Scientists have dated sharp-edged flakes of stone found in the fine-grained sediments of a dry riverbed in the Afar region of Ethiopia to between 2.52 and 2.60 million years ago, pushing back by more than 150,000 years the earliest date when it is known that humans made stone tools.
when it is known that humans made
at which it is known that humans had made
at which humans are known to have made
that humans are known to be making
of humans who were known to make
题目分析:
本题相对来说比较难,有几个选项较难排除。
选项分析:
A选项:本选项是一个主语从句,句首的it是形式主语,还原为正常语序则有:
that humans made stone tools is known.
由于整个划线部分是一个定语从句,所以若将先行词补进来则有:
that humans made stone tools at the earliest date is known.
但实际上,本选项至少需要改为:
for humans to have made stone tools at the earliest date is known.
为什么一定要在主句部分用不定式短语呢?这点考查了不定式和从句的区别。用之于本题,本选项的意思是,人们知道的人类最早制造石器的时间(区别于be known for,那个是著名于…的意思,be known to do是被知道…的意思)。此时的know是看法类动词,被动语态下,看法类动词的约束力较强,宾语部分需用不定式的形式。(实际上,和我们高中学习的内容不同,在英语正规的文献中,很少有it is known that的形式,基本都是xxx is known to be,原因就是本选项所写的内容)
B选项:本选项错误同(A)。
C选项:Correct.本选项在语法和逻辑上均是正确的。
D选项:此处用了关系词that,最好改为at which或者是when,这是因为先行词 the earliest date应在定语从句中做状语;另外,to be making应改为to have make。不定式或分词短语中加have表示这件事是先发生于其主句的,即先时性,而加be表示是和主句同时发生的,即,同时性。显然地,在逻辑上,制造石器应该先发生于know这个事件。
E选项:of引导了一个所有格,也可以看作the earliest date的限定性定语。但是,此定语的核心词不正确。在之前的所有选项中,the earliest date定语部分的核心词均为动词know,本选项中核心词为humans(后面的是humans的定语从句)。在逻辑上,最早的时期应该是一件事的日期,而不是“人”的日期。
for anybody who wants to know the answer, --- by Ron probably the easiest way to go here is to remember this as an idiomatic usage of the construction "known to". if the action is in the present, then you use "known to VERB"; if the action is in the past, then you use "known to have VERBed". as far as i know, these are the only two possible forms.
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