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题库 / Prep2008E2-SC-159
The first detailed study of magpie attacks in Australia indicates that by the time they had reached adulthood, 98 percent of men and 75 percent of women born in the country have been attacked by the birds
by the time they had reached adulthood, 98 percent of men and 75 percent of women born in the country have been attacked by the birds
by the time they reach adulthood, 98 percent of men and 75 percent of women, who were born in the country, had been attacked by the birds
by the time they reached adulthood, 98 percent of men and 75 percent of women born in the country had been attacked by the birds
98 percent of men and 75 percent of women that were born in the country were attacked by the birds by the time they reach adulthood
98 percent of men and 75 percent of women who were born in the country, by the time they reached adulthood had been attacked by the birds
题目分析：
在时态上我们要注意，主句用一般现在时并不意味着宾语从句也要用现在时，相反地，主句用一般过去时也不意味着宾语从句也要用一般过去时；宾语从句的时态往往会独立于主句时态。
选项分析：
A选项：前面是had reached adulthood，后面是have been attacked by，而事实上前者发生在后者的后面，时态混乱，而且人类在reach adulthood之后不会再有成长阶段，所以不应该用had reached adulthood，而应该用一般过去时；再者，由于be attack发生在reach adulthood前面，所以有明显的时间对比，应该be attack用过去完成时had been attacked。
B选项：reach的时态有误，同时使得had been attacked没有时间对比来说明be attack是发生在过去的过去。
C选项：Correct. 本选项在语法和逻辑上均是正确的。
D选项：were attacked和reach时态错误同选项(A)。
E选项：adulthood身后少了逗号，插入语必须头尾用两个逗号将其隔开，例如：
James, a famous movie star, is friendly.
例句中，a famous movie star就是插入语，被两个逗号隔开。
关于插入语的逗号问题，Ron是这样说：
the man who showed up yesterday is back again --> ok (meaning = there is more than one man, and i have to clarify that it's the one who showed up yesterday)
the man, who showed up yesterday, is back again --> ok (meaning = we already know which man; i'm merely providing more detail)
the man, who showed up yesterday is back again --> not ok
the man who showed up yesterday, is back again --> not ok
The first detailed study of magpie attacks in Australia indicates that
by the time they* 【reached--后发生】 adulthood, 98 percent of men* and 75 percent of women* born in the country 【had been attacked--先发生】 by the birds.
澳大利亚首次对喜鹊袭击的详细研究表明，当他们（男+女）成年时，该国出生的 98% 的男性和 75% 的女性都曾受到鸟类的袭击。
C. (√）在第一次顺读句子的时候they虽然有向前指代attacks的倾向，但看到了reached adulthood，即可排除这个倾向，而判断they是向后指代men and women；
本句把by the time放在宾语从句的最前面是最合理的，因为要强调一个截止的时间点。
宾从的时态往往会独立于主句时态。
错误选项分析：
A. 时态错误，前面是had reached adulthood，后面是have been attacked by，而事实上前者发生在后者的后面，时态混乱，而且人类在reach adulthood之后不会再有成长阶段，所以不应该用had reached adulthood，而应该用一般过去时；
再者由于be attack发生在reach adulthood前面，所以有明显的时间对比，应该be attack用过去完成时had been attacked。
B. reach的时态错误，同时使得had been attacked没有时间对比来说明be attack是发生在过去的过去；
Who引 导的定语从句是非限制性修饰，使得逻辑含义错误。
D. that were可以省略，而且that仅用于指代非人类事物；
were attacked和reach时态错误。
E. who were可以省略； adulthood后面少了逗号，错误，独立的修饰成分必须用两个逗号隔开；
把by the time插在句子中间，显得很awkward。
考点是时态！！！
E选项：adulthood身后少了逗号，插入语必须头尾用两个逗号将其隔开，例如：
James, a famous movie star, is friendly.
例句中，a famous movie star就是插入语，被两个逗号隔开。
1.动词时态，因为是by the time,且这个调查是过去完成的，这里应该用过去完成时，had been，AD错。
reach的时态，BD错，应该是过去式才对。
2.DE的that were和who were可以省略，直接作定语修饰人。
3.句子结构，E的没有谓语了，E错
关注E的标点符号问题：
关于插入语的逗号问题，Ron是这样说：
the man who showed up yesterday is back again --> ok (meaning = there is more than one man, and i have to clarify that it's the one who showed up yesterday)
the man, who showed up yesterday, is back again --> ok (meaning = we already know which man; i'm merely providing more detail)
the man, who showed up yesterday is back again --> not ok
the man who showed up yesterday, is back again --> not ok
过去完成时的标志
D:they可能會指代到birds
E:, by the time they reached adulthood"," 少了,
D：由于be attack发生在reach adulthood前面，所以有明显的时间对比，应该be attack用过去完成时had been attacked。
插入语必须头尾用两个逗号将其隔开
，98 percent of men and 75 percent of women who were born in the country, by the time they reached adulthood had been attacked by the birds
adulthood少了逗号
reach时态问题
a modifier must be either blocked off by commas or not blocked off by commas. you can't block off a modifier with a comma on one side but not on the other.再次mark一下，be sensitive to this kind of problem。
A man from Tornio, Finland, who has developed several innovative cell-phone applications will be speaking at today's meeting.这个句子是对的，因为城市+国家天然地需要两个逗号，who前面事实上与a man之间是没有逗号的，所以后面也不需要逗号。
E选项：adulthood身后少了逗号，插入语必须头尾用两个逗号将其隔开
修饰语要么一个逗号都不用，要么前后用两个逗号隔开；伴随状语事实上跟的是两个逗号：要么在句首后面跟一个逗号或在句尾前面跟一个逗号，要么在句中跟两个逗号。
E选项：adulthood身后少了逗号，插入语必须头尾用两个逗号将其隔开
过去完成时的标志是一个比过去完成时的动作发生得晚一点的发生在过去的动作 或一个过去的时间点，用来表示句子动作先后【PS：如果句中已有before等表示顺序的词，则不需要过去完成时】
在本题中ABDE都无法在句意中表现出动作的先后，或是时态混乱，而本题的句意的重点正是要表示， 在某一个时间点（by the time they reached adulthood），人大多已经经历过这件事（had been attacked by the birds），所以C选项最合适
98 percent of men and 75 percent of women who were born in the country, by the time they reached adulthood, had been attacked by the birds
如果不加“，”那么就是adulthood had been attached by the birds.
by the time they had reached adulthood 插入语！
（D） that 只能修饰物；reach应当是一般过去时，因为study肯定是基于过去发生的一些事实来进行的~
在时态上我们要注意，主句用一般现在时并不意味着宾语从句也要用现在时，相反地，主句用一般过去时也不意味着宾语从句也要用一般过去时；宾语从句的时态往往会独立于主句时态。