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题库 / Prep2008E2-SC-224
Fossils of a whale that beached on an African shore more than a million years ago and was subsequently butchered by hominids have been recovered by paleontologists.
that beached on an African shore more than a million years ago and was subsequently butchered by hominids have
that beached on an African shore more than a million years ago and then was subsequently butchered by hominids has
that beached on an African shore more than a million years ago, which was subsequently butchered by hominids, has
having been beached on an African shore more than a million years ago and subsequently butchered by hominids, have
having beached on an African shore more than a million years ago and then subsequently were butchered by hominids have
请看讲解视频
having done可以用非限定，一般用于S, having done, VO结构没有歧义，这时候having done修饰S主语，而不是后面的动作。
Having done用于限定定语通常产生错误：
1、时态问题，done就done了，是一个已经完成的statement，不应该用having的进行完成时来表示状态，正在完成中是很奇怪的状态
2、简洁性：having done都可以用who has/have done来代替，所以having done不是一个好的结构
1.主谓一致，BC错
2.butchered应该是被动，DE错
3.句子结构，BE没有谓语，BE错
4.that修饰的应该是a whale，这里用was没有错
having been的用法错误。DE错
B. has与主语Fossils不一致；then与subsequently重复。
C. has与主语Fossils不一致；which非限定性修饰whale错误，应该用非限定性修饰。
D. having been beached，现在分词的完成式having done（主动）不做限定性修饰，只能做非限定性修饰。
E. having beached，现在分词的完成式having been done（被动）不做限定性修饰；then与subsequently重复。
排除法：Fossile 是主语，因此位于用have。排除B，C
既然主谓不缺，中间就为修饰或从句。考虑选项有beached 和 butchered两个谓语。因此选从句。排除D,E。只剩A
考点：时态+修饰（定语）
1、主语是fossils，所以谓语动词复数，排除B/C
2、现在分词作后置定语修饰，描述的是一个持续的客观事实，而原文的动作不是一个一直持续的动作，所以D/E错。
另外，having done的形式不能作定语，只有doing才能作定语。所以答案选A
B/C错在has应该是复数have，D/E错在having beached的完成时态，多少年前是一个时间点，不是时间段，不能用完成时。ing本身没用错，ing是可以做noun modifier的，如a cat sleeping on the couch is mine。comma-ing则只能做状语，不能做非限制性定语用。
A选项：
a whale that beached on an African shore more than a million years ago是分词作定语，通常过去分词是表示被动，同时不需要带be动词就可以做modifier了。这里的beach是主动发生，应该用beaching。但这里还需要考虑一个时态问题，动词分词作modifier时，表示与主句一样的时态，但这里主句的时态时have been recovered，表现在，beach发生在过去，所以不能用动词分词，改成动词自己的时态（过去式beached）
and a whale that was subsequently butchered by hominids 是定语从句修饰名词，that在从句充当了成分。
beach原来是主动的。。。
subsequently和then重复，谓语动词应为复数
Fossils of a whale
(that beached on an African shore more than a million years ago and was subsequently butchered by hominids)
have been recovered by paleontologists.
主谓单复数不一致->B/C
that 限制性modify 可以修饰fossil/whale ‘beached on an African shore more than a million years ago and was subsequently butchered by hominids’意思上应该是modify whale
having beached 逻辑主语 fossil 状语修饰主句verb fossils have been recovered by paleontologists 显然doesn't make sense
D: a whale 'beached' on a shore. Do NOT use passive voice.
现在分词的完成时 having been done不能做限制性修饰，只能作为非限制性修饰