严格来讲,代词应该属于名词一类,因为它是用来代替名词以避免重复的一种词类。例如:
Although Harry, Ron, and Joyce are fictional, they come to life in the book.
例句中,they指代Harry, Ron, and Joyce。在GMAT考试中,为了看懂每个选项,当我们碰到代词时,一定要首先找到其指代的对象(当然也可以顺便检查代词用法是否正确)。
由于代词也称为代名词,所以它只能指代一个名词或与该名词等价的内容(例如从句),而不能指代一个完整句。例如:
Wrong:**James scored high in GMAT, and it impressed me.
例句中的it指代了score这个句子,所以这个句子在语法上是错误的。
代词与所指对象的人称需要一致
代词只有和所指对象保持人称的一致才能完成指代,例如:
**John won prizes for his great contributions, but it refused to inscribe his name on the medal.
例句中的John是一个人,而it只能指代物品,不能指代人(John),这句话在语法上是错误的。这个句子可以更正为:
John won prizes for his great contributions, but he refused to inscribe his name on the medal.
代词与所指对象的单复数需要一致
与名词相同,代词也有单复数之分。当我们试图指代前文中出现过的“物品”时,我们需要选择用it来指代单数物品,用they/them来指代复数物品。例如:
**The concretion of sand and limestone encasing the iron anchor is likely to hold a precious object, but to bring them out will take archaeologists four or five years.
由于代词them是复数,而其合理的所指对象object为单数,所以这里不能完成指代。例句可以更正为:
The concretion of sand and limestone encasing the iron anchor is likely to hold a precious object, but to bring it out will take archaeologists four or five years.
代词必须有一个所指对象
因为代词的功能是代替名词出现以避免重复,所以它必须有一个被代替的名词。例如:
** Although the new regulations allow them to do it, high school graduates seldom go abroad for higher education.
代词it 必须有一个所指对象,而且这个所指对象必须是名词。但是整句话中找不到是什么所指对象,从语意上判断的it应该代表的是high school graduates seldom go abroad for higher education,这个部分是一个句子而非名词,所以不能使用代词it 来指代。例句可以更正为:
Although the new regulations allow them to do so, high school graduates seldom go abroad for higher education.
将do it改成 do so,没有了代词、变成助动词do 加上副词so,代表的就是后面的go abroad for higher education 这个部分。Do so可以指代前文中描述的整个动作,而Do it中的it则只能指代前文中出现过的一个名词。
代词的所指对象需要尽量是名词词组的核心词
这是一个次级规则,所以我们说“尽量”。在英语句子中,名词经常以一个词组甚至更复杂的形式出现,例如:
**New York's city government passed new laws to regulate the student loan for its eight million residents.
例句中New York's city government是一个词组,因为New York和city都是government的定语,所以这个词组的核心词是government。代词its的所指对象从语意上看应该是“纽约市(New York)”,但是“纽约市”处于所有格结构中,所以its不能指代“纽约市”,更为正确的句子是:
New York's city government passed new laws to regulate the student loan for the city’s eight million residents.
由于本条是次级规则,所以我们不能仅仅因为某个选项违反了本条规则就直接下必杀令,还需要检查其它的错误。
代词只能有一个所指对象
代词必须指代一个名词。若某个代词可以指代一个以上的名词,则其会引起歧义,造成语法错误。例如:
**When tourists first arrived in this new resort, the locals thought they were very lucky people.
这个句子不好,因为它没把话讲清楚。代词they 有两个可能的先行词:tourists 和the locals,这会造成模棱两可,产生歧义。更为正确的句子是:
When tourists first arrived in this new resort, the locals thought these outsiders were very lucky people.
When tourists first arrived in this new resort, the locals considered themselves very lucky people.
请注意,我们并没有说有代词的句子只能有一个和该代词单复数一样名词。只要我们能通过语意轻松地确定每一个代词的所指对象,那么这个代词的身前或身后有多少个与其单复数一样的名词都无所谓,例如:
People play computer games, and they are friendly.
虽然代词身前有两个复数名词—people和computer games,但是由于只有人才能友好,所以代词they肯定指代people,例句是正确的。
常见的代词种类有:
人称代词
人称代词作为最常见的一种代词可以分为以下三类
主格(常常放在主语位置的代词):I, you, he, she, it,they…
宾格(常常放在宾语位置的代词):me, you, him, her,it, them…
所有格(常常做限定词表示和名词的所属关系):my, your, his, her,its, their
这里需要注意,以上这些代词都会指代语境中出现过的某个“完完全全”的名词,即出现过的那个名词所具备的所有属性都会被这些完全代词继承。
反身代词
反身代词包括itself, themselves, himself等等。通过反身代词指代主语,施动者把动作在形式上反射回自己。因此,反身代词与它所指代的名词或代词形成互指关系,在人称、性质、数上保持一致。比如:我自己、你自己、他自己、我们自己……等等,其和一般代词有明显区别。例如:
**Frank has a right to decide for him.
Frank has a right to decide for himself.
一般代词(him)指代未在例句中出现的男人,而反身代词(himself)则指代句中主语(Frank)。
我们需要做一个限定词和代词的区分:
首先,我们来列出几个容易混淆的限定词和代词
限定词:this, that, these, those VS 代词:it, they
然后,我们通过例句来加以区分
例句1:**The books in China are good and they are bad.
此时,they指代语境中出现过的复数名词——the books in China,但代到句子里我们发现,中国造的这些书即被认为是好的(good)又被认为是坏的(bad),很明显,不符合逻辑。
例句2:The books in China are good and those in America are bad.
those作为限定词是名词词组的一部分,那么名词部分是可以被省略的。所以这句话的后半句可以看作books被省略,补全之后是:
The books in China are good and those (books)in America are bad.
此时,后半句的books带着自己的修饰in America,和前半句的书没有任何关系。整句话的意思便没有矛盾之处。即,中国的书是好的,美国的书是不好的。
mark 代词
注意 do so VS do it
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