指代对象属于代词的一部分内容:
代词与所指对象的人称需要一致
代词只有和所指对象保持人称的一致才能完成指代,例如:
**John won prizes for his great contributions, but it refused to inscribe his name on the medal.
例句中的John是一个人,而it只能指代物品,不能指代人(John),这句话在语法上是错误的。这个句子可以更正为:
John won prizes for his great contributions, but he refused to inscribe his name on the medal.
代词与所指对象的单复数需要一致
与名词相同,代词也有单复数之分。当我们试图指代前文中出现过的“物品”时,我们需要选择用it来指代单数物品,用they/them来指代复数物品。例如:
**The concretion of sand and limestone encasing the iron anchor is likely to hold a precious object, but to bring them out will take archaeologists four or five years.
由于代词them是复数,而其合理的所指对象object为单数,所以这里不能完成指代。例句可以更正为:
The concretion of sand and limestone encasing the iron anchor is likely to hold a precious object, but to bring it out will take archaeologists four or five years.
代词必须有一个所指对象
因为代词的功能是代替名词出现以避免重复,所以它必须有一个被代替的名词。例如:
** Although the new regulations allow them to do it, high school graduates seldom go abroad for higher education.
代词it 必须有一个所指对象,而且这个所指对象必须是名词。但是整句话中找不到是什么所指对象,从语意上判断的it应该代表的是high school graduates seldom go abroad for higher education,这个部分是一个句子而非名词,所以不能使用代词it 来指代。例句可以更正为:
Although the new regulations allow them to do so, high school graduates seldom go abroad for higher education.
将do it改成 do so,没有了代词、变成助动词do 加上副词so,代表的就是后面的go abroad for higher education 这个部分。
代词的所指对象需要尽量是名词词组的核心词
这是一个次级规则,所以我们说“尽量”。在英语句子中,名词经常以一个词组甚至更复杂的形式出现,例如:
**New York's city government passed new laws to regulate the student loan for its eight million residents.
例句中New York's city government是一个词组,因为New York和city都是government的定语,所以这个词组的核心词是government。代词its的所指对象从语意上看应该是“纽约市(New York)”,但是“纽约市”处于所有格结构中,所以its不能指代“纽约市”,更为正确的句子是:
New York's city government passed new laws to regulate the student loan for the city’s eight million residents.
由于本条是次级规则,所以我们不能仅仅因为某个选项违反了本条规则就直接下必杀令,还需要检查其它的错误。
代词只能有一个所指对象
代词必须指代一个名词。若某个代词可以指代一个以上的名词,则其会引起歧义,造成语法错误。例如:
**When tourists first arrived in this new resort, the locals thought they were very lucky people.
这个句子不好,因为它没把话讲清楚。代词they 有两个可能的先行词:tourists 和the locals,这会造成模棱两可,产生歧义。更为正确的句子是:
When tourists first arrived in this new resort, the locals thought these outsiders were very lucky people.
When tourists first arrived in this new resort, the locals considered themselves very lucky people.
请注意,我们并没有说有代词的句子只能有一个和该代词单复数一样名词。只要我们能通过语意轻松地确定每一个代词的所指对象,那么这个代词的身前或身后有多少个与其单复数一样的名词都无所谓,例如:
People play computer games, and they are friendly.
虽然代词身前有两个复数名词—people和computer games,但是由于只有人才能友好,所以代词they肯定指代people,例句是正确的。
代词
请问it was句型中的it指代的一般是哪个部分呢? It was not until 1868 that Great Britain had a prime minister— Disraeli—who did not come from a landed family. 请问在这个句子中,it究竟指的是什么?
靠人称+单复数+语意来确定代词到底指代哪个名词,还确定不了的,代词指代错误或不明确。
do it--指代名词VS do so--指代动作
所有格不能用代词指代
代词避免歧义,用反身代词/其他说法的名词/总结性名词表示
如果先出现了一个it(前面没有可以指代的名词),之后再出现指代的对象,这样可以吗?
例题为In a previous design, the weight of the discus used in track competition is concentrated in a metal center, but now it is lined with lead around the perimeter, thereby improving stability in flight and resulting in longer throws.
如果成立的话,如果是先出现了被指带对象,再出现it,再出现可能被指带的对象。此时就会有歧义?
it的指代名词的范围是从整句话的名词里面挑选,还是it之前的名词中挑选?