C
* the placement of 'on earth' again, the sentence seems to be saying that residents of other planets disagree with us).
* 'as seen in the rings...' is a modifier that must be placed next to the thing that it modifies, which is 'the rate at which trees grow'. the way choice c is currently written, it says that indications of sunspot cycles can be seen directly in the rings - and it also implies that sunspot cycles (instead of trees) have rings!
It was, therefore, not surprising that dozens of other countries attempted to follow their model, yet no countries-with the possible exceptions of Malaysia and Thailand-have even approached their success.
When speaking about ratios as is done here, you cannot leave 'times' hanging like this. sometimes you can use pronouns - the height of the sears tower is more than four times that of the statue of liberty - but you can't use empty space. choice c exhibits proper usage of 'times' followed by their pay. it also uses the ratio, a correct identification of exactly what is being described.
Because of the principles driving them, other mandates that can be applied to reduce or eliminate unjustified pay gaps between male and female workers have not remedied perceived pay inequities satisfactorily for the litigants in cases in which men and women hold different jobs.————对于这句话的理解是核心，other mandates can solve the pay gaps between men and women if they hold same jobs but can't solve the problem if they hold different jobs, however, comparable worth can.
choice a, 还原 CEO's now earn an average of 419 times more pay than bule-collar workers (do)是可以接受的，但是compared to a ratio of 42 times，比较对象是419 times 和 a ratio
choice b, a ratio作为了419 times的同位语。比较对象依然是a ratio 和42 times
choice c, 比较对象是419 times和42 times。correct
choice d,e没有谓语动词
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a tripling in the average output说法有误
c不是独立主格，charcoal's being replaced表述也有问题