choice C is much, much more extreme -- it's equivalent to saying "ALL of the pictures from sepphoris were also found in other cities."

this is functionally equivalent to "weaken the conclusion that volunteering boosts longevity".
notice that "weaken the conclusion" questions usually involve UNDERMINING ASSUMPTIONS.
in that light, most insights into "find the assumption" questions are also valuable in considering "weaken the conclusion" questions.

however, there is no causation at work here (churches don't cause murders, and murders don't cause the building of churches), because both of these factors are caused by a third factor: the SIZE of the city. (IE larger cities have both more churches and more murders.)
in this case, the sex of the volunteers is the "third, not considered, thing" that destroys the hypothesis of causal connection between volunteerism and long life.

a) the causation actually runs the other way around (i.e., the passage concludes that X causes Y, but in actuality Y causes X);(b) the two correlated things are both results of some third, not considered, confounding factor.as an example of (b):there is a strong correlation between the # of churches and the # of murders in american cities: the more churches, the more murders.

Refer to Ron's explanation basically, * the passage has noticed a CORRELATION between volunteerism and long life.* the passage is questioning the notion that volunteerism CAUSES longer life. takeaway: in any passage that takes CORRELATION and concludes CAUSATION, that connection can be destroyed if either:(

OG:
D.The argument merely asserts, and does not "seek to establish," the first statement.

先看主干，ABC的主干意思都是研究表示他们有机会，但DE主干意思都是他们会死（be likely to 属于助动词忽略，核心是do）, 一般study后面的核心都是do, 而不是有机会。。。。

题目只能推出heavy rain总量1990年要比1910年多的多，但还是有可能heavy rain的天数1990年比1910年少，因为天数和雨量没有必然关系。

C 定语从句里是it (language) is understood by process, process无法understand language (发出understand只能是人）

D 后半部分是独立主格 - complicate system是被动语态，dolphin都没有出现在独立主格里，独立主格如何补充说明主句呢。。

B可以

E 的定语从句是主系表，表示的是appliance的属性； 但C的定语从句是主谓宾补结构，表示的是grandparents给Appliance的属性。

C项是同位语成分，即they will die of... 是chance的同样意思，错。

as这里做因为，前后因果关系不强，但在Gmat里因果关系一般都很强，所以不是因为，而是表示“当xxx时候”

每个人都有两种选择

错选E选项：
我觉得是竞争关系的错误，有人预言5年内会有很多打折店倒闭因为竞争不过另一个打折店SpendLess discount department store 。但是这些空位一直会有后来的店来填满，不会空很久。因为另一家非折扣店Colson's的开业，这些补上来的店都陆续关门了，因为它们竞争不过这个Colson's（结论）。如果想削弱那么只能是要么削弱结论的内容即：能竞争得过。要么是削弱这个结论的本身即跟Colson's店的存在没有关系。

A选项：为什么Colson却可以存活
B选项：自从Colson开业后，后天补上的店逐渐都成了折扣店，于是便与C这个非折扣店之间没有了竞争关系，他因削弱；
C选项：店铺数量没变，无关选项／还是店铺的更迭，来证明确实是实力不足，才被干掉然后换新的呢
D选项：加强
E选项：merchandise商品，本选项说许多店卖S或C都没有的东西，与这些店是不是因为竞争不过C而关门没有直接关系

错选C

I've mistakenly take A as correct answer, explanation from CD:首先是句子的理解。some scholars have argued that 后面加的是学者的观点but 后面是文章作者的观点。作者和学者的观点是不一样的。分析学者的观点。学者认为Garvey 创造了这样的意识，在这个意识的基础上，于二十世纪二十年代，诞生了美国黑人历史上最大的复兴运动。created the consciousness 意思是创造了新的意识，对应 change a number of prevailing attitudes . 既然是新的，就是不同于之前的。from which he built the largest revitalization movement对应 for his movement to find a foothold in the united states.

我觉得D有问题，否定了前提。
条件已经限定死了【in very slow-moving river water.】也就是说在in water的情况下很少，但是D说彻底干枯了，这完全矛盾了啊..

mistakenly take D
Actually the passage didnot suggest direct purchases have no supplier partnership
I did not take B cause I think economic leverage shall mean have cost advantage over other suppliers and B is the opposite side of "my logic"