A选项:at acquiring carbon的位置不对,注意在划线部分身后的in the form of carbon dioxide,它是一个【插入语】,会就近修饰fungi,在逻辑上,真正以二氧化碳方式的应该是吸收碳元素的过程(即,acquire carbon),而不是fungi。
在一个句子中间插入一个成分(这个成分可以是定语,状语,同位语等修饰语),当我们拿走这个成分,前后可以连接,这个成分称之插入语。
插入语一般对一句话作一些附加的说明。通常与句中其它部分没有语法上的联系,将它删掉之后,句子结构仍然完整。
B选项:at acquiring carbon的位置不对同(A);比较有【歧义】,本选项有可能被理解为:
Plants are more efficient at acquiring carbon than Plants are more efficient at acquiring fungi
实际作者的意思是:
Plants are more efficient at acquiring carbon than fungi are more efficient at acquiring carbon.
E选项:acquire carbon的位置不对同(A);比较对象错误同(B);在未划线部分的并列连词【and身后是ing短语converting it to energy-rich sugars】,其在逻辑上需要和acquire carbon【平行】,因此两者需要保持一样的语法形式。
Conclusion: 提供discount给安装了防盗设备的holders,能够减少现在持有car-theft policies的保费花销
Assumption:holders of car-theft policies 愿意为了discount去装防盗设备
by1999发现了xxx。如果只是发现一件事,那不应该有现在完成时:科学家到现在为止发现了一件事,因为,发现一件事,要么就是发现了,要么就是没发现,没有“到现在为止发现”一说)。
由于证据表明的是“客观真理”,不是某一个事件,所以应该过一般现在时而非过去完成时。
"evidence to suggest" and "evidence that suggests" are both acceptable in this sort of context.
evidence THAT suggests THAT xxxxx. not because it's wrong -- just because it's ugly.
“谎言产生了情绪反应”这个事件不会直接影响“情绪反应会引起无意识反馈”这件事的发生与否。这是因为,不论谎言是否引起这个情绪反应,该情绪反应均会引发无意识反馈。注意第二个事件是“反应引起反馈”而不是“引起反馈“”,是两个事件的比较而不是两部分的简单比较
即使在从句中也不要忘了的语义的分析
比较的题型:1)比两样东西(名词),2)比两个动作(动词)。
这里比较的是两个动作,所以,有一个省略用法 [sub+verb]+modifier,只保留modifier,选C。
如果是比较两个东西, 比如circulation in.... is lower than that in ....,就应该是D。
(newspaper){had} 《lower circulation》 in the six months than(newspaper){ had} in a similar period
改写为两个东西比较:the circulation of newspaper in the six months is lower than that in a similar period
不要妄图用一个点排除所有
定位:but population ecologists had usually considered viral disease to have contributed to the "decline" [once it was underway] rather than to have initiated "it".
句子结构理解不到位,“once it was underway”是修饰decline的!!
D选项:正确。攻击已经开始数量下降的毛毛虫群体:与原文一致。
研究者发现:1想要探寻改变life circle的因素(这是研究的目的,要搞清楚); 2)通过改变habitats,或者减少了毛毛虫的数量的办法 change life cycle; 两者都没有成功(排除法)
conclusion:这些虫子如果不是自我调节,就一定有个和昆虫更亲密的东西在调节life circle
A选项:新研究表明,吃L的鸟和寄生虫的数量这几年明显下降:他们的数量对办法有没有用并没有影响,即使数量减少也不能改变“不适用”这个结果。(顶多说明鸟和寄生虫的影响有限,无法削弱结论!)
B选项:正确。新实验(用新办法改变栖息地)成功缩短了L的population cycle:说明之前的办法不全面,现在有了新办法且成功了,说明driving force很有可能并不是另一个agent。(新方式改变栖息地是为它因!)
A/B/C/E选项:"The throughput needed to maintain the optimal scale of production requires careful coordination not only of the flow of goods through the production process(B)(C), but also of the flow of input from suppliers and the flow of output to wholesalers(A) (E)and final consumers."
D选项:a manufacturer's throughput could be adversely affected by unit costs rise sharply VS. 文中: If throughput falls below a critical point, unit costs rise sharply ;前者说throughput被cost影响,后者说throughput会影响cost,因果方向相反
selected against tree climbing as a defensive stragegy.
削弱的方法
找出一个东西去削弱科学家的结论
先找结论,前提,以及背景。
找出之间的联系
前提推出的结论
there be句型通常的问题是没有逻辑主语,如果看不出来,就加入连词考虑其逻辑:
因为这里有一个海商法,所以这个海商法引起了争端。
显然地,两个小句间不存在因果关系。若想令小个单句间存在因果关系,前一个单句的核心词必须是provision/provide,即,事件:
因为海商法的一个规定,所以这个海商法引起了争端。
首先没有equally....as这个结构,排除ABC
D中的be likely that这个结构错误
且D中的比较对象错误,误比“他们过去标准下会超速”与“现在的标准”比较,而应该是“司机们将会有的情况”和“司机们现在的情况”而不是现在
E中的比较结构还原后为
Traffic safety officials predict that drivers will be as likely to exceed the proposed speed limit as they are likely to exceed the current one
A选项:①不能是can tend!
②there's also the problem with "if [participle]" -- a modifier that, by convention, refers to the SUBJECT of the sentence (not the proximate noun).
for instance:
Animal 1 will attack animal 2 if injected with enough of the hormones related to aggression.
--> in this sentence it is animal 1, not animal 2, that is being injected with hormones.
D选项:主谓抽出来应为jay can remember and tends to
it tends not to bother recovering a perishable treat stored long enough to have rotted.它往往不会费心回收一种易腐烂的食品,这种食品储存的时间太长,以致腐烂。
stored long enough to have rotted作定语,修饰treat,指食品具有被存储太久以致腐烂的性质
contact这里是名词,仔细看题!跟direct形容词形式(如果为动词,因为前面有have,所以应该跟contact的过去分词contacted!!;因此此处的have contact为[不可数名词])
A选项:代词it的指代对象为语境中合理的单数名词。本身其在逻辑上指代the mystical level of reality没有问题,但是,由于本题中the mystical level of reality和the material level是在同一个both and短语中的,即,两者被融为了一体,所以这造成了it无法单独指代the mystical level of reality的问题。另外,directly是副词,只能修饰动词have或者介词短语with an ichana (dream) experience等非名词成分,但在逻辑上,其应修饰名词contact,即,直接的接触。
关于C选项的知识点补充
"the last" is incorrect.
* "former/latter" should be used only when there are exactly two things.
* "last" should be used only when there are three or more things.
i think that "first" can actually be used in either of these two situations (in contrast to "last", which shouldn't be used unless there are 3 or more things), but i would want to see official GMAT evidence before making a conclusive judgment on that issue.
A选项:首先,定语从句which is the removal of only selected trees有误。将先行词代入从句则有:
logging is the removal of only selected trees.
提取主干后可知:
logging is the removal
在逻辑上,显然伐木不能是移动,而是伐木发出了移动这个动作。
另外,either…. as well as…搭配错误,应该用either…or…。
最后,现在分词短语burning down individual trees做surface fires的定语是没有问题的。但是,注意到未划线部分but do not denude the forest在逻辑上也应是surface fires的定语,因此burn事件和denude事件应是平行的,即,burning down individual trees需改为that burn down individual trees。
D选项:本选项迷惑性最大。平行触发语either…or…连接的平行应是两个名词的平行,即,either A or B。【这和两个名词身后的"定语"在形式上是否平行没有任何关系!!】
本选项的错误是现在分词短语burning down individual trees和denude事件不平行(注意划线部分后的动词以辨别动词平行形式!!)。
A选项:Correct. 本选项在语法和逻辑上均是正确的。if the deal were中的if可以理解为in case(that),身后接【虚拟语气!】,虚拟条件句不一定非要虚拟主句才能使用(if the deal were这个用法其实也和if any类似,作为独立成分出现在句中)。另外,that includes a provision for penalties是a merger agreement的定语从句,这里的倒装是因谓语部分is signed太短,因而为了突出主干而倒装。
虚拟语气是说话者用来表示主观愿望、猜测、建议或者与客观事实不符的假设时用到的语气,主要通过谓语动词的特殊形式来表示。
基本结构
(1). 与现在事实相反的假设:一般过去时(be用were),主句结构{ should(would)等+动词原型}
例如:If they were here ,they would help you.如果他们在这,会帮助你的。
(2). 与过去事实相反的假设:过去完成时主句结构:{should(would)等+have+过去分词}
例如:If he had come yesterday,Ishould(would)have told him about it.如果他昨天来的话,我会把这件事告诉他的。
(3). 表示对将来不大发生的事的假想。一般过去时,were+不定式,should+动词原形;主句结构:{should(would)+动词原形。
例如:If you succeeded ,everything would be all right.如果你将来成功了一切都会好的。