long-standing belief 对应的一段观点，以及首段long believed;第二段evidence造成原观点revised，对应文章最后一句话now believe

qualify词义理解错误，表示限制限定，在这里对应原文中的exception

A:
- 'those of' doesn't refer to anything (it would need to refer to something plural, and there's nothing plural for it to refer to)
- 'with' serves no grammatical purpose, and destroys parallelism because 'with' dosen't appear in the second part
- 'as' should be 'like'

Noun/ noun phrase + resulting from + noun/noun phrase
---> "resulting from" modifies only preceding noun / noun phrase.
While according to intended meaning, [the fact that the company lost.....] is the result of "almost $7 billion in accounting charges", the usage of "resulting from" makes us feel as if "the company" is the result instead.---> Intended meaning is changed.

SVO, because of + noun/ noun phrase
----> "because of" can modify the whole clause preceding it. That's why the usage of "because of" can totally convey intended meaning of the sentence.

if you see comma + 'resulting from', you can eliminate it.

you can have it as an adjective modifier, without a comma - as in the following sentence:
the flooding resulting from the abnormally strong storms had left six inches of standing water in the street.
note that the boldface is an adjective modifier, modifying 'flooding'.

...but its meaning clashes fundamentally with the usage of comma + __ing.
if something results from 'X', then 'X' happens FIRST.
in the structure 'sentence + , + __ing...', the modifier NEVER describes something that happens before the main sentence.

the operative question here is which of the two choices (b)(e) has BETTER PARALLELISM. there is no doubt that (e) has better parallelism than (b).

even if you consider that gerund to be a noun, it still isn't parallel to the other half of the construction.
if you changed it to
as much for having an eccentric personality as for making skillful wax renderings of popular public figures
then we could talk about it. but, as written now, it's clearly inferior to (e).

老师那个they不可以指miniature eyes吗？ 还有这个独立主格我觉得不太得劲，我觉得应该是伴随他有这个眼，而不是这个眼被称为什么吧，如果b,c没有指代对象的问题是不是要比e的独立主格好一点

student enrolled 是在校生的意思 不是每年登记的新生的意思 见楼上ron解析

B） fossils that indicate the structure of those dinosaurs' lungs. indicate的东西错

D化简后：The number ( ) that humans forced to become extinct，无法表意。

做几遍错几遍，真的服了这道题

定位Skeptics also argue that the *fused* clavicles (the "wishbone") of birds differ from the *unfused* clavicles of theropods. 鸟的锁骨是融合的，，恐龙的锁骨是分开的。

题干省略了一句很重要的话，原文应该是The other eight, which appear only in L, are called the "alphabeticals" because they appear in alphabetical order, without commentary.

看美国人的解答 说sometimes的位置有问题 sometimes 修饰compensating

。。。。第三遍 又手抖选了b

if you say "different from X, Y...", then this means that X and Y themselves are different.
if you say "unlike X, Y does Z", this means that Y does Z, but X doesn't do Z.

It is an idiomatic usage that when we use a verb after 'as well as', we always use and verb+ing form. Emitting is a gerund here because as well as is preposition rather than conjunction in this context and a preposition is always followed by a noun of an action noun 'gerund'. A question of parallelism arises only when a coordinate conjunction is involved and not with a prepositional phrase.

so, i can't think of a situation in which "having __ed" (without a comma) makes much sense, since that would imply that "having __ed" is a temporary state. hm.