【独立主格】，首先它是一个“格”，而不是一个“句子”，在英语中任何一个句子都要有主谓结构，而在这个结构中，没有真正的主语和谓语动词，但又在逻辑上构成主谓关系或主表关系。
“独立主格结构”是由名词或代词作为逻辑主语，加上分词、形容词、副词、动词不定式或介词短语作为逻辑谓语构成。这种结构在形式上与主句没有关系，通常称为“独立主格结构”。
The meeting being over, all of us went home. （开完会后我们都回家了。）
the meeting being over类似于when the meeting was over
The condition being favorable, he may succeed. （若条件有利，他或许能成功。）
the condition being favorable类似于If the condition is favorable
the Sun has the same apparent size in the sky as the Moon's这个小句在as的左边无法找到与the Moon's在语法上平行的内容。本选项应该改为：the Sun has the same apparent size in the sky as the Moon has
whereas身后是被动句，其缺少真正的执行者。单纯读划线部分，我们只能知道有将近六个小时被花费了，至于究竟是谁花费了这六个小时，我们不得而知，自然本选项就无法和In 1981 children in the United States spent an average of slightly less than two and a half hours a week doing household chores形成对比（whereas）关系。
in English, we say that one gives/shows support for something. That's natural and idiomatic. To say, "I give my support to something" sounds less natural, more like the kind of mistake someone learning English might make. ——Mike McGarry
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by far是“至今”的意思，而本选项想说的是“远远的超过”，所以此处by far措辞有误。