choice D is incorrect because it's nonsense. "the Oneida were the only ones..." is not something that happened during the course of "siding with xxxx".
4. in Choice E, past perfect tense "had sided" has no ground, because there is no specific past-time sign on which past perfect tense should be based.
2. in Choice B, "they" has no clear referent, because "was" already signifies "the Oneida" as a singular noun that is not consistent with "they", and because "Iroquois" actually acts as an adjective(Pronoun can only refer noun and noun phrase).
3. if someone "did X in doing Y", this means that X was something that happened during the process of Y.
e.g.,
Two members of the team were injured in training for the upcoming game.
the Oneida复数， "the oneida" is totally plural, like "the english" or "the french".
1. "five-nation" is actually an adjective. So, the five-nation Iroquois League is a singular noun phrase. We cannot say "one of/ alone of/ only of / the five-nation Iroquois League". i.e. these constructions seem like "one of apple/ alone of apple / only of apple". So, we can kill A, B and E.
时态的问题可以eliminate C，D；E选项的what it did有问题，这里的it 指的是the global economy 但是 the global economy处于介宾短语中，是不能指代的；B选项的that during也是有点问题，这是一个平行结构的标志，前面的部分要和后面的that + preposition平行
介宾短语放在句首作状语，一般修饰主句的动词或主句
且逻辑上the deer population has grown with no predators and with expenses of green suburban neighborhoods that do not allow相比其他选项来说更好，更通顺
另外，还有歧义的问题with no predators and expanses...可能理解为with no predators + with no expanses AD选项同理
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第一段是作者提出的假设；第二段是在进一步说明假设（Spell out 的意思是”讲清楚’’），judgement不等于final conclusion