The Quechuans believed that all things participated in both the material level and the mystical level of reality, and many 【direct contact】 with 【the latter】 by means of an ichana (dream) experience.
Q认为，万物都参与了现实的物质层面和神秘层面，并通过梦境体验【与后者直接接触】。
adv.修饰adj.或者v.，不修饰n.
A选项：contact with it 【directly （×）】with
Past assessments of the Brazilian rain forest have used satellite images to tally deforested areas, where farmers and ranchers have clear-cut and burned all the trees,
but such work has not addressed either 【logging（, which removes only selected trees，）】 or 【surface fires （that burn down individual trees but do not denude the forest）】.
过去对巴西雨林的评估使用卫星图像 来统计(（tally）砍伐森林的地区，这些地区是农民和牧场主已经将所有树木都砍伐并烧毁，
但这项工作既没有解决【伐木（这种伐木仅移除选定的树木）】，也没有解决【地表火灾（这种火灾烧毁单株树木但不破坏（denude）森林）】。
选项D（√）
The systematic clearing of forests in the United States
created farmland (especially in the Northeast) and gave consumers relatively inexpensive houses and furniture, （好）
【 but 转折】 it also caused erosion and very quickly deforested whole regions. （坏）
美国系统性的森林砍伐创造了农田（尤其是在东北部）并为消费者提供了相对便宜的房屋和家具，但它也造成了侵蚀并很快毁坏了整个地区的森林。
选项A：倒装用动词原形；句子逻辑关系是转折
【Not only （×）是转折，不是递进】did （倒装） the systematic clearing of forests in the United States 【create 】farmland (especially in the Northeast) and 【gave（×）倒装用原形give】 consumers relatively inexpensive houses and furniture,【 but it also（×）是转折，不是递进】 caused erosion and very quickly deforested whole regions.
and并列：“把砖放入泥土中（form the mud or clay into bricks）”和“把砖安放的墙中（lay them in the wall in mud mortar）
去掉插入语：method has been 【to form ……】, and【to lay……】
选项D：（√）
There are several ways to build solid walls using just mud or clay,
but the most extensively used method has been 【to form the mud or clay into bricks 动作1】, and【, after some preliminary air drying or sun drying, to lay them in the wall in mud mortar 动作2】.
有几种方法可以仅使用泥或粘土来建造坚固的墙壁，
但最广泛使用的方法是【将泥或粘土制成砖块】，然后【在初步风干或晒干后，用泥浆砌筑墙内】。
选项A（×）：平行对象成分不一致，因为名词短语和句子不能平行
method has been 【the forming of bricks out of mud or clay 名词短语】, and【, after some preliminary air drying or sun drying, they are laid in the wall in mud mortar 句子】
选项C（√）
Like 【the grassy fields and old pastures】 that the upland sandpiper（鹬） needs for feeding and nesting when it returns in May after wintering in the Argentine Pampas,
{【the bird itself】 is vanishing in the northeastern United States 这件事} as a result of residential and industrial development and of changes in farming practices.
就像高地鹬在阿根廷潘帕斯越冬后于 5 月返回时需要觅食和筑巢的【草地和古老牧场】一样，
【这种鸟】本身正在美国东北部消失，由于住宅和工业发展以及耕作方式的变化。
选项A（×）：主系表
【the sandpipers 鸟】vanishing in the northeastern United States【is是】 a 【result结果】 of residential and industrial development and of changes in farming practices.
一种鸟是一个结果（×）
在鸟身上发生的某些事情是一个结果（√）
with a thesis that is a simple one：介词短语作为状语，修饰前面的动作v.-- publish （语义不通）
whose thesis was simple: consumers have：定语从句修饰前面的名词n. --Shopping for a Better World. （语义合理）
In 1988, the Council on Economic Priorities began publishing 【Shopping for a Better World, whose thesis】 was simple: consumers have the power to change companies by the simple expedient of refusing to buy.
1988 年，经济优先委员会开始出版《为更美好的世界而购物》，《为更美好的世界而购物》的论点很简单：消费者有权通过拒绝购买的简单权宜之计改变公司。
less than:平行可比：“Lotte Jacobi在纽约” v.s. “Lotte Jacobi曾经在德国”
Less successful 【after she emigrated to New York】 than 【she had been in her native Germany】, photographer Lotte Jacobi nevertheless earned ……
【移居纽约后】不如【在她的家乡德国】成功，摄影师 Lotte Jacobi 还是赚到了……
Despite recent increases in sales and cash flow that have propelled automobile companies' common stocks to new highs,
several industry analysts 【expect】 automakers, in order to conserve cash, 【to be 现在~未来】 more conservative than* 【they have been 过去~现在】 in setting dividends
尽管最近销售额和现金流的增长推动汽车公司的普通股创下新高，
一些行业分析师预计，为了节省现金，汽车制造商在设定股息时会比以往更加保守
【主句+ by doing】这个结构用by doing 解释主句如何发生
例如 i prepared for the test by reviewing takeaways on the MGMAT forums. 看论坛解释了我如何准备考试
C选项：’using Web sites, public meetings, and mass mailings" 没有解释 “如何oranize campaign“，因为 campaign本身 = use Web sites, public meetings, and mass mailings
using和by using修饰的对象不同：by using A, B, and C修饰的是如何organize；而using A, B, and C修饰的是grassroots campaign。+by改变了原句的意思。
【主句 + in doing】主句里的谓语动词 必须是 doing的一部分，
例如i solved all the problems in OG12 in preparing for the GMAT.
解决问题solved 是 准备preparing GMAT的一部分。翻译为【在这件事中】。
C选项：organize是后面convincing的一个动作，逻辑不合理
The organic food industry has organized a successful grassroots campaign—[using] Web sites, public meetings, and mass mailings—[that has convinced] the Department of Agriculture to change the proposed federal regulations for organically grown food.
有机食品行业组织了一场成功的草根运动——利用网站、公开会议和群发邮件——说服了农业部改变拟议中的关于有机种植食品的联邦法规。
①当“非数字物体（如dogs、cats等绝大多数名词）”比较时，通常用double(twice) as much as，例如：twice as many dogs；double as much water。
②但是当带有数字概念的noun比较时，不能加as many或as much，例如：直接用twice the increase；double the decrease 就可以--排除CDE
显然地，increase本身就是数字的概念。因此，不能用as much as the increase of"
选项A（√）
The 【number 不可数名词】of flying first class on domestic flights rose sharply in 1990, 【doubling the increase of 带有数字概念的noun比较】the previous year.
1990年乘坐国内航班头等舱的人数急剧增加，比上年增加了一倍。
选项D（×）：twice as 【many（×）】 as the increase in
∵ The 【number 不可数名词】of
平行对象：Independent run for the presidency = independent candidacy 独立竞选总统职位
each of whom 从句要有谓语动词，而running不是谓语
Unlike 【the independent candidacies】 of George Wallace in 1968 and John Anderson in 1980,
H. Ross Perot's 【independent run for the presidency】 in 1992 arose not from an unsuccessful effort to gain a major party nomination but from a desire to establish a viable third party in American politics.
不同于1968年乔治华莱士和1980年约翰安德森的【独立候选事宜】，
H.罗斯佩罗在1992年【参与独立竞选总统这件事】不是因为未能获得主要政党提名，而是因为希望在美国政治中建立一个可行的第三方。
laws requiring：描述法律法规的内容要用ing修饰，因为法令的内容通常以分词引导表效力的延续，如laws、agreement、directive等，
laws to require：表法令的目的，就要用to do
Last week local shrimpers held a news conference to take some credit for the resurgence of the rare Kemp's ridley turtle,
saying that their compliance*** with laws 【requiring turtle-excluder devices on shrimp nets --内容】 is*** protecting adult sea turtles.
上周，当地捕虾者召开新闻发布会，为稀有的肯普氏雷德利海龟的死灰复燃表示赞赏，
称他们对【要求捕虾网上的海龟排除装置∈content】的法律的遵守是为了保护成年海龟。
Experts estimate that ten times【as much】 petroleum exists in sources such* sources as* (tar sands, heavy oil, and perhaps even shale) 【as】 in conventional reservoirs.
专家估计，油砂、重油甚至页岩等油源中的石油含量是传统油藏的十倍。
和……一样多：【as much】 in ...【as】 in
举例用：such 种类 as 例子1,例子2,例子3
※主语1+so…that+主语2：
可以用作多个主语时，so前面的主语和that后面的主语可以不一样，例如：
【I--主语1】 set up the computer so that 【they--主语2 】could work from home.（我把电脑设置好，这样他们就可以在家办公了。）
※同个主语+so as to+同个主语：
要求so前的主语和as to身后动作的主语相同。例如：
【I--同个主语】 set up the computer so as to do my work. （我把电脑设置好以便完成我的工作）
此时，do my work的主语必须是I。
选项A（√）
Often major economic 【shifts】 are 【so gradual as to be indistinguishable 】at first from ordinary fluctuations in the financial markets.
通常，重大的经济转变是如此缓慢，以至于起初与金融市场的普通波动无法区分。
选项C（×）
Often major economic 【shifts--主语不是人】 are so gradual that they are 【unable to be distinguished（×）冗余 = indistinguishable，且able/unable+被动语态错误】 at first from ordinary fluctuations in the financial markets.
People cannot hear this sound.（√）
This sound cannot be heard by humans. (√)
People are unable to hear this sound. （√）
【This sound--不是人】 is unable to 【be heard by humans 被动语态】. (×)
B. Calling Sonya's conclusion into question by pointing to a possible effect of a certain change
通过指出某种变化可能产生的影响，对S的结论提出质疑。（√）质疑Conclusion
A. 通过仔细区分 "没有变化 "和 "没有减少 "来质疑对S结论的支持。（×）不是质疑support，即不是质疑Premise
C. 如果S能举出她所预测会发生的事情的【先例precedent 】，就能更好地支持索尼娅的结论》（×）无关。R并没有质疑S的结论是没有先例的。
D. 表明S声称将产生某种效果的原因cause 并不是【唯一the only】可能产生这种效果的原因。（×）无关。R并没有质疑这个唯一性。
E. 指出某项举措【不够大胆not bold enough】，无法产生S预测的效果。（×）无关。R并没有指出举措不够大胆。
在B地，1900年前的合法喝酒年龄是18岁，之后改为了21岁。
现在18-21岁中因喝酒而造成的交通死亡人数（Alcohol-related traffic deaths）↓，但酒的消费量不变（）drink just as much alcohol as 。
解释：
B 近年来在酒吧等外边喝酒的21岁以下的人数少于1900年以前的。 （√）不出去喝酒→不开车→出车祸死亡的人 ↓
C 21岁以下有汽车的人数比例增加。（×）与文意相反，汽车增加应该导致的是事故增加↑，而不是减少。
环境污染→ 海豚妈妈的母乳有毒 →小海豚dolphin calves死亡率高
增强？
选项A（√）
The 【survival rate存活率】 of 【firstborn dolphin calves小海豚】 in the area along Florida's Gulf Coast is 【highest 最高】for those whose 【mothers were killed before they were weaned 海豚妈妈在断奶前被杀】.
在佛罗里达州墨西哥湾沿岸地区，那些海豚妈妈在断奶前被杀的海豚幼崽的存活率最高。
= 海豚妈妈死了→ 小海豚还没喝够海豚妈妈的毒奶 → 小海豚体内累积的毒素不够多→ 小海豚还没达到死的标准（所以存活下来）
In Teruvia, the quantity of rice produced per year is currently just large enough to satisfy 【domestic demand】. 目前每年的大米产量刚好能满足【国内需求】
Teruvia's total rice acreage will not be expanded in the foreseeable future, nor will rice yields per acre increase appreciably. 种植面积和产量不变
Teruvia's population, however, will be increasing significantly for years to come. 人口将在未来几年显着增加。
Clearly, therefore, Teruvia will soon have to begin importing rice. 不得不开始进口大米。
问假设：
A. No pronounced （明显的）trend of decreasing （per capita** 【demand】） for rice is imminent（即将发生的） in Teruvia. （√）稻米（人均**【需求量】）没有明显下降趋势。即，默认了一个变量--”每个人的需求量“是不变的
E. There are no major crops other than rice for which domestic production and domestic demand are 【currently in balance现在的供需平衡】 in Teruvia. （×）
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