the same reasoning applies here; you're looking for idiomatic usage that agrees with 'risk', not 'chance'.
the last poster is correct in one sense, which is that there are correct idiomatic usages of 'chance to'.
as small a collection as three pirated albums has occasionally drawn the attention of the recording industry.
in this case, 'collection', not 'albums', is the subject of 'has drawn' (which can be inferred from the fact that 'has' is singular).
this is the case because this sentence is equivalent to the following rearranged version:
a collection as small as three pirated albums has occasionally drawn the attention of the recording industry.
In #C there's no NOUN that serves as the focus of the modifier 'resulting from...' (an adjective-type modifier). It's intended to modify the general idea that the orbits have become littered, but there's no NOUN that signifies the littering.
#D has the same problem as #A ('because' is wrong).
Choice A doesn't convey the right meaning. If I say that littering occurred 'because of' the intentional discarding of those items, that implies that the intentional discarding WASN'T the actual littering. Instead, it means that the intentional discarding set into motion a chain of events that LED to the littering.
so/that与because/(so):
So many people removed, that the population declined. VS Because many people removed, the population decline.
so/many，because(so)都有因果的意思，差别在于so/many直接强调了多，因为如此多的人搬离，所以人口下降；because则表示是因为很多人搬离这整件事导致人口下降。
C中as early as the eighteenth century作为状语，表示（早在18世纪时）leaching是方法，而D中that was as early as the eighteenth century是定语修饰method，表示leaching是（18世纪的）方法。我们一般说，早在某个时候，某物就已经是……
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tend to do，to表方向，倾向bother to do 和 bother doing ，费心/操心做某事