Ivan lvanovich Schmalhausen (1884-1963) was a Soviet evolutionary biologist who openly embraced the neo-Darwinian theory of evolution through natural selection, which holds that those organisms with genetic traits that confer advantages in the environment achieve the greatest reproductive success. His views thus conflicted with those of Trofim Denisovich Lysenko (1898-1976), whose neo-Lamarckian theory of evolution was in the ascendant in 1940s Soviet science. In contrast to proponents of natural selection, Lysenko believed that environment could directly alter the heritable qualities of an organism—that the nongenetic traits an individual organism acquires during its lifetime could be passed down to its offspring.

Schmalhausen's career in Soviet science was ruined by his opposition to Lysenko's idea of heritable acquired characteristics. But Schmalhausen's theory about the relationship between heredity and environment, one of the most prescient of his generation, was directly indebted to the challenges posed by the neo-Lamarckian orthodoxy. That is because, unlike evolutionary biologists outside the Soviet Union, who simply dismissed Lysenko's views in favor of neo-Darwinian natural selection, Schmalhausen was forced to take into account the Lysenko agenda. This led him to develop a more nuanced theory of the interpenetration of heredity and environment than was found in either neo-Lamarckian or neo-Darwinian theory at the time.


Which historical detail, if true, is most directly relevant to the development of Schmalhausen's prescient theory, as that development is described by the author of the passage?


Lysenko’s neo-Lamarckian ideas only attained prominence in Communist countries like the Soviet Union and China.

Neo-Lamarckism was just one of several alternatives to the theory of natural selection entertained by evolutionary biologists in the 1940s.

In 1941, Soviet science journals began rejecting studies in evolutionary biology that did not discuss Lysenko's theories.

Lysenko's ideas were thoroughly discredited by Soviet scientists in the 1960s.

Many of the field studies Lysenko cited to support his ideas were falsified by either Lysenko or his underlings.

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答案是 C。因为根据文章,谢尔马豪森被迫考虑到拉森科的议程,它直接影响了他发展出一个更加细腻的遗传-环境关系理论,这个关系比当时任何一种 neo-Lamarckian 或 neo-Darwinian 理论都要好。因此,最直接的历史细节就是1941年,苏联的科学期刊开始拒绝那些不提及拉森科理论的进化生物学研究,因此答案选择 C。

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