Until now, only injectable vaccines against influenza have been available. They have been used primarily by older adults, who are at risk for complications from influenza. A new vaccine administered in a nasal spray has proven effective in preventing influenza in children. Since children are significantly more likely than adults to contract and spread influenza, making the new vaccine widely available for children will greatly reduce the spread of influenza across the population.

Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument?


If a person receives both the injectable and the nasal-spray vaccine, the two vaccines do not interfere with each other.

The new vaccine uses the same mechanism to ward off influenza as injectable vaccines do.

Government subsidies have kept the injectable vaccine affordable for all older adults.

Of the older adults who contract influenza, relatively few contract it from children with influenza.

Many parents would be more inclined to have their children vaccinated against influenza if the vaccination did not require an injection.

考题讲解

情景:到现在为止,只有注射型流感疫苗。这些疫苗现在仅仅可以被成年人应用。一个新的疫苗是以鼻喷雾形式出现的。因为这种形式的药被证明可以控制小孩感染流行性感冒,并且小孩比大人更有可能接触和传播流行性感冒,所以让这种新药给更多的小孩服用可以大大减少流行性感冒的传播。

推理:由于前提结论描述的不是同样的事件且前提在逻辑时间上先发生于结论,所以推理文段为因果推理
顺序的因果逻辑:因为鼻喷雾形式的药被证明可以控制小孩感染流行性感冒,并且小孩比大人更有可能接触和传播流行性感冒,所以让这种新药给更多的小孩服用可以大大减少流行性感冒的传播。
(因)前提:鼻喷雾形式的药被证明可以控制小孩感染流行性感冒,并且小孩比大人更有可能接触和传播流行性感冒
(果)结论:让这种新药给更多的小孩服用可以大大减少流行性感冒的传播
选题方式:因果推理只有一个评估方向,简而言之,即(由于本题问的是加强,所以答案选项需在“取非”后满足),反驳推理文段中的结论。

选项分析:

A选项:如果一个人既用了注射的疫苗又用了鼻喷雾疫苗,那么这两种疫苗之间不会互相影响。就算两种疫苗可以互相影响,只要小孩都服用新药,还是可以抑制传播,所以本选项不能评估因果推理。

B选项:新药和注射疫苗抵抗流感的抗病原理相同。抗病原理相同与否并不影响使用鼻喷雾药物。

C选项:政府保证所有的新药对于成年人都是可以支付的起的。本选项描述的是新药到底能不能供给给所有的人,但是并不能反驳供给给所有人后的效果。

D选项:
很少有成年人是被小孩传染的流行性感冒。只要能控制住小孩之间的传染,理论上就可以在一定程度上防止病毒的传播。

E选项:
Correct. 如果疫苗不需要注射的话,那么很多家长会更愿意让自己的孩子去接种疫苗。如果无论药物怎么变,怎么推广,家长就是不带着孩子去接种疫苗,那么这种疫苗也无法起到作用,所以本选项“取非”可以反驳结论,是正确答案。

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