A proposed change to federal income tax laws would eliminate deductions from taxable income for donations a taxpayer has made to charitable and educational institutions. If this change were adopted, wealthy individuals would no longer be permitted such deductions. Therefore, many charitable and educational institutions would have to reduce services, and some would have to close their doors.
The argument above assumes which of the following?
Without the incentives offered by federal income tax laws, at least some wealthy individuals would not donate as much money to charitable and educational institutions as they otherwise would have.
Money contributed by individuals who make their donations because of provisions in the federal tax laws provides the only source of funding for many charitable and educational institutions.
The primary reason for not adopting the proposed change in the federal income tax laws cited above is to protect wealthy individuals from having to pay higher taxes.
Wealthy individuals who donate money to charitable and educational institutions are the only individuals who donate money to such institutions.
Income tax laws should be changed to make donations to charitable and educational institutions the only permissible deductions from taxable income.
觉得B可以这样理解,B选项取非,富人捐赠不是唯一来源,但新政的实施对慈善机构而言依然会减少收入,不能削弱,故B错误
题干是 因为实施了新政:取消了减免对于富人
结果有些慈善机构会关闭和减少服务
这里少了一环,就是富人因此少donate,在B 选项很容易自己加上了这一环。
所以A补充了逻辑链,因为新政,有的人因为不能减免所以不投资 即A的一种改写:减免是一部分人投资的动机。
前提:如果法律条款通过,捐款企业将不再享受捐款免税。
结论:慈善和教育机构将不得不关门。
前提与结论有很强的因果联系,且前提时间逻辑上发生在结论之前。判断为因果推理。题目类型为加强,可对选项取非看是否削弱。
A涉及因果且语义上削弱结果,保留。
B比较有迷惑性,语义上涉及因果对象(条款以及慈善教育机构)但将条款放在了状语中,把论元偷换成了donator而非provison,仅描述了捐献者的特点,而未给出削弱或加强的方向,属于常见的迷惑选项。
C描述税法目的,语义上不能削弱结论。
D未涉及provision且描述了donator特征,语义上不能削弱结论。
E涉及因果,但属于一个建议,语义上不能削弱结论。
要把这个逻辑加强就得补充 是因为这个新政 - 富人捐钱少了 - 慈善机构都不行啦。我错选 B,B 只是说富人是主要来源,但是没有说他们会捐少啊,逻辑链少一环。
同意啊。我也是这里错选了
你这个说的是最清楚的
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为什么D不能选?
取非:富人不是唯一捐款的个人群体。但是也许富人的捐款是非常关键的founding source,还是会使慈善机构萎缩变少。无法削弱
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for your guys' reference:https://www.manhattanprep.com/gmat/forums/cr-a-proposed-change-to-federal-income-tax-laws-would-elim-t16899.html
gap在于变更法令之后导致富人对慈善和教育机构的捐款变少,而不是捐款变少导致这些机构倒闭。
B选项错在哪儿呢?
我觉得B项错在,该假设下,所有的慈善组织都会被close掉。而不是题中提到的‘have to reduce services, and some would have to close their doors’。
但是选项也只是说only source 只是针对many institutions啊,没说所有机构only source都是这些纳税人
首先,题中的结论是‘many charitable and educational institutions would have to reduce services’,而不是针对所有的慈善机构。其次,从主流的解题思路出发,这道题的逻辑gap在于从wealthy individuals不再被允许捐赠所得税抵扣,推导到了结论--慈善机构会减少服务。所以能够bridge the gap的假设一定要提到wealthy individuals和慈善机构。还是不清楚的话,欢迎探讨wechat: wolvesjiang123。
B选项太激进了,如果这些捐款是这些机构唯一的财务来源的话,那么就不会出现题目里说的有一些机构要削减规模,甚至有的机构要关门了,那就是所有的这些机构就会关张大吉。
A稍微温和一些,说没有这中纳税方面的鼓励以后,至少会有一部分富人不会像原来捐的那么多,会对这些教育机构造成影响,但是不会让们全都死掉
我试着解释一下哈。我认为 B 只是题目的小范围重复。B 选项的意思是因为 tax law 才捐款的人是慈善机构的唯一资金来源。但是题目中的 gap 还是没有被解释。即使是唯一的资金来源,如果这帮人并没有因为 tax law 改变而改变他们的捐款数额,那么还是不会达到最后那个结论。
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