Paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould has argued that many biological traits are not the products of natural selection, favored due to their enhancement of reproduction or survival, but that they are simply random by-products of other evolutionary developments.
due to their enhancement of reproduction or survival, but that they are
due to the reproduction or survival they enhance, but they are
because they enhance reproduction or survival, but
because they enhance reproduction or survival, but are
because of enhancing reproduction or survival, but are
题目分析:
本题较易错选(C)。本题的意思是:
很多生物的优势不是自然选择的产物,这些产物是为了增强繁殖和存活而产生的,而仅仅是其它进化的随机副产物。
选项分析:
A选项:平行触发语not...but...连接两者不平行,not身后没有从句,而but身后则是一个从句。另外,名词短语their enhancement of reproduction or survival需改为从句they enhance reproduction or survival,这点考查了名词和从句的区别。用之于本题,显然地,此处讲的“这些产物是为了增强繁殖和存活而产生的”并非陈述某个特定事件,而在陈述一个自然选择产物在来源方面的属性,因此肯定没有时间终止点,必须用从句的形式。
B选项:介词due to身后的名词短语的核心词为the reproduction or survival,但显然地,在逻辑上,产生产物的原因只能是“增强繁殖和存活”这件事,不能是“产物”本身。
C选项:本选项的迷惑度最高。一般来说,平行触发语not...but...连接的两者需要在逻辑上保证平行,本选项严格满足这个要求。但是,如果保证严格的平行,则but身后的副词simply只能修饰形容词random(在but身后根本看不到动词,自然只能认为是修饰形容词的了)。但这在逻辑上是不正确的。本题的意思是,优点不是为了生存的自然选择的产物,而“仅仅”是副产物。因此,simply必须修饰系动词are,不能修饰random(那样,意思就变成了“简单地随机”了)。
D选项:Correct. 本选项在语法和逻辑上均是正确的。由于but身后补出了动词are,所以此时simply可以看作是修饰动词are的了,这在逻辑上是正确的。
E选项:介词because of身后的enhancing reproduction or survival是动名词短语,而动名词是没有“逻辑主语”的。但在本题中,被favor的必须是the products of natural selection,即,are favored在本题中必须有逻辑主语,否则无法满足语境中给出的逻辑关系。
所以not but不是close parallel
2) Jimmy was not the typical class president, loved by most of the students, but hated by a fair number as well. --> in which “the typical class president” is described as someone who is loved by most students; in this instance, jimmy is contrasted with the typical class president because some people also hate him.
求链接。。。做了三遍,错三遍,心累
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1) Jimmy was not the typical class president, loved by most of the students, but hated by a fair number as well. --> in which the entire colored description attaches to “the typical class president”
C 选项容易造成歧义
Consider this sentence:
Jimmy was not the typical class president, loved by most of the students, but hated by a fair number as well.
The most probable reading here is that all of the words 'loved by most of the students, but also hated by a fair number as well' are a description of 'the typical class president.' However, it's also possible that just "loved by most of the students" describes that phrase. So there are 2 interpretations:
D 选项:Paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould has argued that many biological traits are not 。。but are 。。
are not。。,but are两个are 平行
e的解释没大看懂,enhancing 的主语和favor的主语有什么关系,favor不是跟在selection后面做定语吗,为什么会没有主语
simply修饰are
CD还有一种排除方法,语义为王的情况下,这个C可能存在歧义,假设这个simply就是修饰random,那么这个 simply random by-products到底是想表示与前面那个are not平行还是与前面的favored一起构成一个过去分词结构修饰整个主句,补出are使得平行更加明显语义更加清晰。
跟前面的题一样,不能机械考虑平行。
逻辑大于平行。
C选项:本选项的迷惑度最高。一般来说,平行触发语not...but...连接的两者需要在逻辑上保证平行,本选项严格满足这个要求。但是,如果保证严格的平行,则but身后的副词simply只能修饰形容词random(在but身后根本看不到动词,自然只能认为是修饰形容词的了)。但这在逻辑上是不正确的。本题的意思是,优点不是为了生存的自然选择的产物,而“仅仅”是副产物。因此,simply必须修饰系动词are,不能修饰random(那样,意思就变成了“简单地随机”了)。
E选项:介词because of身后的enhancing reproduction or survival是动名词短语,而动名词是没有“逻辑主语”的。但在本题中,被favor的必须是the products of natural selection,即,are favored在本题中必须有逻辑主语,否则无法满足语境中给出的逻辑关系。
细节点:副词不能修饰名词
发现无法删除自己的问题。想明白了。即便simply 修饰random,也不能解释为简单随机,比如简单随机抽样是simple random sampling。所以simply random本身就是不对的。所以只能是but simply are
其实D选项里,是不是but simply are更好些?这样可以避免ambiguous (关于simply是修饰are还是ramdom)。
simply 需要修饰系动词
这种题目在考试中遇到,也只能认命,如果从语感上选择对了,那就很幸运,虽然现在可以理解D正确,但是很难保证考试遇到这种题目不错,favoured 在句中感觉很奇怪,不容易理解整句话的意思,也就很难选择了。
解释很难让人信服,只能放弃这道题了。
【提问】请教老师,E选项中,为什么动名词不能有逻辑主语?一般有doing不都是要去找逻辑主语么?是因为接在because of后面,只能是名词性质的,没有动词性质了?谢谢!
E当中的simple gerund "enhancing reproduction " 不能和 action noun "survival"平行;要用complex gerund 。
回复所有人:解析已更新。
此题not...but...平行的问题希望老师能解答一下
更新了。
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Ron讲simply前面必须有are,不然就找不到修饰对象