E，用预期的下降修饰人口正减少得更快，但二者的时间框架是不一样的，一个是未来、一个是现在，没法直接修饰。

The modifier doesn't make sense as a modifier.

The main sentence says that Japan's population IS shrinking. I.e., it's discussing something that is happening at present.

A projected decline is in the future. So, "with a projected decline" can't be used as a modifier, since the future doesn't describe the present.

Note that the correct answer handles the situation by linking two different verbs——in two different tenses——with "and". No modifier.

e：The main sentence says that Japan's population IS shrinking. I.e., it's discussing something that is happening at present.
A projected decline is in the future. So, "with a projected decline" can't be used as a modifier, since the future doesn't describe the present.
With+n：介词短语作状语，表示随着、带着，e选项：日本的人口伴随着一个预计的下降，正在更快得缩小❌

shrink和projected decline有明确的时间先后关系，不是近乎同时发生，所以不能用伴随结构

为什么很多好的题目都没有讲解。。。。。。烦

decline (verb.) by
a decline(noun.) of 17%
没有decline at 这种说法

c：the correct answer handles the situation by linking two different verbs——in two different tenses——with "and". No modifier.

感谢由 abccccccc 对此题目的解答所做出的贡献。
考点：比较

shrinking放句首，逻辑主语是population；

A 主句主语是decline，无法发出shrinking的动作

B population和any other nation不可比

C 正确 ，that指代population

D population和any other nation不可比

E with结构改变原句的语义

不能是a decline 来修饰shrink

A，主句主语的核心词是decline，decline不会shrinking

一开始看错了，把E选项的with xxx看成了独立主格，但是这里不是独立主格啊，独立主格是（with）➕名词➕分词不定式，这里的 with是介词短语，做定语状语，所以还是C对

choice e, 句末的 with a projected decline用逗号隔开，可以看成是状语修饰谓语动词is shrinking. 意思是“日本的人口伴随着一个预计的下降，正在更快得缩小。"但是根据语意，shrink缩小和is projected to decline预计会下降到 完全是两个独立的动作，不存在修饰关系，应该是并列的关系

shrink和projected decline有明确的时间先后关系，不是近乎同时发生，所以不能用伴随结构

you can use "that of Y" in parallel to either "NOUN of X" or "X's NOUN".
E选项decline +by+ 百分比或数字

“decline at” is unidiomatic

From Ron：you can use "that of Y" in parallel to either "NOUN of X" or "X's NOUN".

E 为什么错， with表伴随，强调缩水的速率， 日本的人口比其他国家人口减少的快，以预测的17%的速率？ manhattan说deline at 搭配是不对的，那这个伴随结构是没问题的吗？