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On Earth, among the surest indications of sunspot cycles are believed to be the rate that trees grow, as seen in the rings visible in the cross sections of their trunks.
On Earth, among the surest indications of sunspot cycles are believed to be the rate that trees grow
On Earth, among the surest indications of sunspot cycles are, it is believed, the rate of tree growth
On Earth, the rate at which trees grow is believed to be among the surest indications of sunspot cycles
Among the surest indications on Earth of sunspot cycles, believed to be the tree growth rate
Among the surest indications on Earth of sunspot cycles is believed to be the rate at which trees grow
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as seen基金修饰tree growth，而C选项修饰sunspot cycle错误
on earth位置没有e好
(B) among倒装，主语应该是the rate，所以应该用单数is；tree应该用复数，使未划线部分的their有 一致的指代对象。
(C) on earth 放置句首修饰整个句子，不符合逻辑；their 的指代存在歧义，离它最近的是 sunspot cycles，未划线部分的 as seen 应该要紧跟其修饰的名词。
(D) tree应该用复数，使未划线部分的their有一致的指代对象；谓语结构不完整，应该用is believed被动语态。
(E) 正确，on Earth修饰indications，主语是the rate，谓语动词用单数is。
* the placement of 'on earth' is just as problematic as in choice a (again, the sentence seems to be saying that residents of other planets disagree with us).
and finally, yes, 'the rate that' is simply... wrong. things don't 'happen a rate'; they happen at a rate, so that preposition has to stay.
为什么不选C:
as seen的修饰对象。as seen说的是“正如（我们在）树桩上的年轮所看到的那样”。
从语义上应修饰树的成长，把句子还原trees grow at the rate as seen in the rings visible in the cross sections of their trunks. 树木增长的速度，从树桩上年轮的圈上可见一斑。
C选项，使得as seen的修饰对象变成了sunspot cycles，语义完全错误了。
2-D选项非完整句子，严重语法错误，排除D；
3-C和E中，查看和题干中之后的句子链接起来是否正确；as seen是一个状语从句，根据定语从句和状语从句这些修饰成分服从就近修饰原则，到前一个句子去找as seen去修饰的成分；C中as seen修饰主句 the rate is believed；E中as seen 修饰which trees grow；根据句意，E的修饰更合理，因此排除C；
4-选E
地点范围介词短语前置
表示地点范围的介词包括：among、between、in、at、beneath等等，例如：
(1) The rate at which trees grow is believed to be among the surest indications on Earth of sunspot cycles
(2) Among the surest indications on Earth of sunspot cycles is believed to be the rate at which trees grow
(1)(2)两个例句完全相等。(2)属于倒装结构。
E: 倒装，还原后为：the rate at which trees grow is believed to be among the Among the surest indications on Earth of sunspot cycles
A：on earth 修饰整个句子不对，主语为the rate，谓语动词需要为单数，the rate that trees grow也怪怪的
BD: 结构一团乱，排除
C：on earth 修饰整个句子不对
2. 状语修饰最近的句子，C是“is belived to be”, E是"at which tree grow," 再看后面衔接的“as seen in the rings visible in the cross sections of their trunks.” 根据句意，年轮应该是看出树在增长。
as 引导的是定语还是状语？E里as引导定语就近修饰tree？登录 或 注册 后可以参加讨论